Aebi H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121–126.

Agegnehu G, Bass A M, Nelson P N, Muirhead B, Wright G, Bird M I. 2015. Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments: Effects on peanut yield, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical North Queensland, Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 213, 72–85.

Ahmad M, Ahmad M, El-Naggar A H, Usman A R A, Abdul J A, Vithanage M, Elfaki J, Al-Faraj A, Al-Wabel M I. 2018a. Aging effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on phosphorus fractionation in a calcareous sandy loam soil. Pedosphere, 28, 873–883.

Ahmad M, Usman A R A, Al-Faraj A S, Ahmad M, Sallam A, Al-Wabel M I. 2018b. Phosphorus-loaded biochar changes soil heavy metals availability and uptake potential of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Chemosphere, 194, 327–339.

Aihemaiti A, Gao Y, Meng Y, Chen X, Liu J, Xiang H, Xu W, Jiang J. 2020. Review of plant-vanadium physiological interactions, bioaccumulation, and bioremediation of vanadium-contaminated sites. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 135637.

Ajeya K V., Sadhasivam T, Kurkuri M D, Kang U, Park I S, Park W S, Kim S C, Jung H Y. 2020. Recovery of spent VOSO4 using an organic ligand for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 399, 123047.

Akhtar S S, Li G, Andersen M N, Liu F. 2014. Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 138, 37–44.

Altaf M M, Diao X, Rehman A, Imtiaz M, Shakoor A, Altaf M A, Younis H, Fu P, Ghani M U. 2020. Effect of vanadium on growth, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, and cell death of rice. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20, 2643–2656.

Altaf M M, Diao X P, Altaf M A, ur Rehman A, Shakoor A, Khan L U, Jan B L, Ahmed P. 2022. Silicon-mediated metabolic upregulation of ascorbate glutathione (AsA-GSH) and glyoxalase reduces the toxic effects of vanadium in rice. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 436, 129145.

An F, Li G, Li Q X, Li K, Carvalho L J C B, Ou W, Chen S. 2016. The comparatively proteomic analysis in response to cold stress in cassava plantlets. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 34, 1095–1110.

ASTM Standard D1762–84. 2007. Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

Begum P, Ikhtiari R, Fugetsu B. 2011. Graphene phytotoxicity in the seedling stage of cabbage, tomato, red spinach, and lettuce. Carbon, 49, 3907–3919.

Bradford M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248–254.

Dionisio-Sese M L, Tobita S. 1998. Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Science, 135, 1–9.

El-Esawi M A, Al-Ghamdi A A, Ali H M, Alayafi A A. 2019. Azospirillum lipoferum FK1 confers improved salt tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by modulating osmolytes, antioxidant machinery and stress-related genes expression. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 159, 55–65.

Farhangi-Abriz S, Torabian S. 2018. Biochar increased plant growth-promoting hormones and helped to alleviates salt stress in common bean seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 37, 591–601.

García A C, Tavares O C H, Oliveira D F. 2020. Biochar as agricultural alternative to protect the rice plant growth in fragile sandy soil contaminated with cadmium. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 29, 101829.

Ghanim B, Murnane J G, O’Donoghue L, Courtney R, Pembroke J T, O’Dwyer T F. Removal of vanadium from aqueous solution using a red mud modified saw dust biochar. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 33, 101076.

Gummow B. 2019. Vanadium: Environmental pollution and health effects. In: Jerome O N, ed., Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 628–636.

Guo H, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Lu H. 2023. Effects of biochar on plant growth and hydro-chemical properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Science of the Total Environment, 882, 163557.

Hagemann N, Joseph S, Schmidt H P, Kammann C I, Harter J, Borch T, Young R B, Varga K, Taherymoosavi S, Elliott K W, McKenna A, Albu M, Mayrhofer C, Obst M, Conte P, Dieguez-Alonso A, Orsetti S, Subdiaga E, Behrens S, Kappler A. 2017. Organic coating on biochar explains its nutrient retention and stimulation of soil fertility. Nature Communication, 8, 1089.

Hartung S, Bucher N, Chen H Y, Al-Oweini R, Sreejith S, Borah P, Yanli Z, Kortz U, Stimming U, Hoster H E, Srinivasan M. 2015. Vanadium-based polyoxometalate as new material for sodium-ion battery anodes. Journal of Power Sources, 288, 270–277.

Heath R L, Packer L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125, 189–198.

Hmid A, Al-Chami Z, Sillen W, De-Vocht A, Vangronsveld J. 2015. Olive mill waste biochar: A promising soil amendment for metal immobilization in contaminated soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 1444–1456.

Hou M, Hu C, Xiong L, Lu C. 2013. Tissue accumulation and subcellular distribution of vanadium in Brassica juncea and Brassica chinensis. Microchemical Journal, 110, 575–578.

Ikram M, Han X, Zuo J F, Song J, Han C Y, Zhang Y W, Zhang Y M. 2020. Identification of QTNs and their candidate genes for 100-seed weight in soybean (Glycine max L.) using multi-locus genome-wide association studies. Genes (Basel), 11, 1–22.

Imtiaz M, Ashraf M, Rizwan M S, Nawaz M A, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Yousaf B, Yuan Y, Ditta A, Mumtaz M A, Ali M, Mahmood S, Tu S. 2018a. Vanadium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in red soil: Effects on cell death, ROS and antioxidative systems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 158, 139–144.

Imtiaz M, Mushtaq M A, Nawaz M A, Ashraf M, Rizwan M S, Mehmood S, Aziz O, Rizwan M, Virk M S, Shakeel Q, Ijaz R, Androutsopoulos V P, Tsatsakis A M, Coleman M D. 2018b. Physiological and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes response induced by vanadium stress in mustard genotypes with distinct photosynthetic activity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 62, 20–29.

Imtiaz M, Mushtaq M A, Rizwan M S, Arif M S, Yousaf B, Ashraf M, Shuanglian X, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Tu S. 2016. Comparison of antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes exposed to vanadium. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 19787–19796.

Ivanov A S, Parker B F, Zhang Z, Aguila B, Sun Q, Ma S, Jansone-Popova S, Arnold J, Mayes R T, Dai S, Bryantsev V S, Rao L, Popovs I. 2019. Siderophore-inspired chelator hijacks uranium from aqueous medium. Nature Communication, 10, 819.

Kaplan D I, Adriano D C, Carlson C L, Sajwan K S. 1990. Vanadium: Toxicity and accumulation by beans. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49, 81–91.

Kono Y. 1978. Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 186, 189–195.

Lehmann J. 2009. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S M, eds., Forest Policy and Economics, Earthscan, London, UK. pp. 535–536.

Li H, Dong X, Da-Silva E B, de Oliveira L M, Chen Y, Ma L Q. 2017. Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications. Chemosphere, 178, 466–478.

Lichtenthaler H K, Wellburn A R. 1983. Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11, 591–592.

Liu Y, Dai Q, Jin X, Dong X, Peng J, Wu M, Liang N, Pan B, Xing B. 2018. Negative impacts of biochars on urease activity: High pH, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or free radicals? Environmental Science and Technology, 52, 12740–12747.

Martínez-Gómez Á, Poveda J, Escobar C. 2022. Overview of the use of biochar from main cereals to stimulate plant growth. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 912264.

Matthews R. 1897. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 40, 934.

Mehmood S, Ahmed W, Alatalo J M, Mahmood M, Imtiaz M, Ditta A, Ali E F, Abdelrehman H, Slaný M, Antoniadis V, Rinklebe J, Shaheen S M, Li W. 2022. Herbal plants- and rice straw-derived biochars reduced metal mobilization in fishpond sediments and improved their potential as fertilizers. Science of the Total Environment, 826, 154043.

Mehmood S, Ahmed W, Ikram M, Imtiaz M, Mahmood S, Tu S, Chen D. 2020. Chitosan modified biochar increases soybean (Glycine max L.) resistance to salt-stress by augmenting root morphology, antioxidant defense mechanisms and the expression of stress-responsive genes. Plants, 9, 1–25.

Mehmood S, Ahmed W, Rizwan M, Imtiaz M, Elnahal A S, Ditta A M A, Irshad S, Ikram M, Li W. 2021. Comparative efficacy of raw and HNO3-modified biochar derived from rice straw on vanadium transformation and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.): Insights from photosynthesis, antioxidative response, and gene-expression profile. Environmental Pollution, 289, 117916.

Mehmood S, Rizwan M, Bashir S, Ditta A, Aziz O, Yong L Z, Dai Z, Akmal M, Ahmed W, Adeel M, Imtiaz M, Tu S. 2018. Comparative effects of biochar, slag and Ferrous–Mn ore on lead and cadmium immobilization in soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 100, 286–292.

Mohidem N A, Hashim N, Shamsudin R, Man H C. 2022. Rice for food security: Revisiting its production, diversity, rice milling process and nutrient content. Agriculture (Switzerland), 12, 741.

Muthayya S, Sugimoto J D, Montgomery S, Maberly G F. 2014. An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1324, 7–14.

Naeem A, Westerhoff P, Mustafa S. 2007. Vanadium removal by metal (hydr)oxide adsorbents. Water Research, 14, 1596–1602.

Naeem M A, Shabbir A, Amjad M, Abbas G, Imran M, Murtaza B, Tahir M, Ahmad M. 2020. Acid treated biochar enhances cadmium tolerance by restricting its uptake and improving physio-chemical attributes in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 191, 110218.

Nawaz M A, Jiao Y, Chen C, Shireen F, Zheng Z, Imtiaz M, Bie Z, Huang Y. 2018. Melatonin pretreatment improves vanadium stress tolerance of watermelon seedlings by reducing vanadium concentration in the leaves and regulating melatonin biosynthesis and antioxidant-related gene expression. Journal of Plant Physiology, 220, 115–127.

Onasanya R O, Aiyelari O P, Onasanya A, Nwilene F E, Oyelakin O O. 2009. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 193–203.

Rajkovich S, Enders A, Hanley K, Hyland C, Zimmerman A R, Lehmann J. 2012. Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48, 271–284.

Rawat J, Saxena J, Sanwal P. 2019. Biochar: A austainable approach for improving plant growth and soil properties. In: Biochar - An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment. IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom.

Reijonen I, Metzler M, Hartikainen H. 2016. Impact of soil pH and organic matter on the chemical bioavailability of vanadium species: The underlying basis for risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 210, 371–379.

Rizwan M, Ali S, Qayyum M F, Ibrahim M, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Abbas T, Ok Y S. 2016. Mechanisms of biochar-mediated alleviation of toxicity of trace elements in plants: a critical review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 2230–2248.

Rychter A M, Rao I M, Cardoso J A. 2016. Role of phosphorus in photosynthetic carbon assimilation and partitioning. In: Handbook of Photosynthesis, 3rd ed. CRC Press, London, UK. pp. 603–625.

Shaheen S M, Alessi D S, Tack F M G, Ok Y S, Kim K H, Gustafsson J P, Sparks D L, Rinklebe J. 2019. Redox chemistry of vanadium in soils and sediments: Interactions with colloidal materials, mobilization, speciation, and relevant environmental implications - A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 265, 1–13.

Singh B, Singh B P, Cowie A L. 2010. Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48, 516–525.

Soltanpour P N, Schwab A P. 1977. A new soil test for simultaneous extraction of macroand micro-nutrients in alkaline soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 8, 195–207.

Sun R L, Zhou Q X, Sun F H, Jin C X. 2007. Antioxidative defense and proline/phytochelatin accumulation in a newly discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 60, 468–476.

Tang E, Liao W, Thomas S C. 2023. Optimizing biochar particle size for plant growth and mitigation of soil salinization. Agronomy, 13, 1394.

Tewari R K, Kumar P, Sharma P N. 2006. Antioxidant responses to enhanced generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in the copper-stressed mulberry plants. Planta, 223, 1145–1153.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2021. Regional screening level (RSL) summary table. [2021-11-20]. https://www.epa.gov

Usman A R A, Abduljabbar A, Vithanage M, Ok Y S, Ahmad M, Ahmad M, Elfaki J, Abdulazeem S S, Al-Wabel M I. 2015. Biochar production from date palm waste: Charring temperature induced changes in composition and surface chemistry. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 115, 392–400.

Vachirapatama N, Jirakiattikul Y, Dicinoski G, Townsend A T, Haddad P R. 2011. Effect of vanadium on plant growth and its accumulation in plant tissues. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33, 255–261.

Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A. 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science, 151, 59–66.

Wang R Z, Huang D L, Liu Y G, Zhang C, Lai C, Zeng G M, Cheng M, Gong X M, Wan J, Luo H. 2018. Investigating the adsorption behavior and the relative distribution of Cd2+ sorption mechanisms on biochars by different feedstock. Bioresource Technology, 261, 265–271.

Xu C Y, Bai S H, Hao Y, Rachaputi R C N, Xu Z, Wallace H M. 2015. Peanut shell biochar improves soil properties and peanut kernel quality on a red Ferrosol. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15, 2220–2231.

Yaashikaa P R, Kumar P S, Varjani S, Saravanan A. 2020. A critical review on the biochar production techniques, characterization, stability and applications for circular bioeconomy. Biotechnology Reports, 28, e00570.

Yang J, Teng Y, Wu J, Chen H, Wang G, Song L, Yue W, Zuo R, Zhai R. 2017. Current status and associated human health risk of vanadium in soil in China. Chemosphere, 171, 635–643.

Yen W J, Chyau C C, Lee C P, Chu H L, Chang L W, Duh P D. 2013. Cytoprotective effect of white tea against H2O 2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Food Chemistry, 141, 4107–4114.

Yuan Y, Imtiaz M, Rizwan M, Dong X, Tu S. 2020. Effect of vanadium on germination, growth and activities of amylase and antioxidant enzymes in genotypes of rice. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 383–394.

Zhang D, Pan G, Wu G, Kibue G W, Li L, Zhang X, Zheng J, Zheng J, Cheng K, Joseph S, Liu X. 2016. Biochar helps enhance maize productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions under balanced fertilization in a rainfed low fertility inceptisol. Chemosphere, 142, 106–113.

Zhang F, Wang X, Yin D, Peng B, Tan C, Liu Y, Tan X, Wu S. 2015. Efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal from aqueous solution by biochar derived from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). Journal of Environmental Management, 153, 68–73.

Zhang X, Wang H, He L, Lu K, Sarmah A, Li J, Bolan N S, Pei J, Huang H. 2013. Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 8472–8483.

Zhao M, Lin Y, Chen H. 2020. Improving nutritional quality of rice for human health. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 133, 1397–1413.

Zulkarnaini Z M, Sakimin S Z, Mohamed M T M, Jaafar H Z E. 2019. Relationship between chlorophyll content and soil plant analytical development values in two cultivars of fig (Ficus carica L.) as brassinolide effect at an open field. Earth and Environmental Science, 250, 012025.

Zwolak I. 2020. Protective Effects of Dietary Antioxidants against Vanadium-induced toxicity: A review. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 1–14.