Bai Z H, Li H G, Yang X Y, Zhou B K, Shi X J, Wang B R, Li D C, Shen J B, Chen Q, Qin W, Oenema O, Zhang F S. 2013. The critical soil P levels for crop yield, soil fertility and environmental safety in different soil types. Plant and Soil, 372, 27–37.

Bollons H, Barraclough P. 1999. Assessing the phosphorus status of winter wheat crops: Inorganic orthophosphate in whole shoots. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 133, 285–295.

Bouwman A F, Beusen A, Lassaletta L, Apeldoorn D, Grinsven H, Zhang J, Van M. 2017. Lessons from temporal and spatial patterns in global use of N and P fertilizer on cropland. Scientific Reports, 7, 40366.

Breker J S, DeSutter T, Rakkar M K, Chatterjee A, Sharma L, Franzen D W. 2019. Potassium requirements for corn in North Dakota: Influence of clay mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 83, 429–436.

Cao H B, Wang Z H, He G, Dai J, Malhi S S. 2017. Tailoring NPK fertilizer application to precipitation for dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau. Field Crops Research, 209, 88–95.

Cao H B, Wang Z H, Shi Y C, Du M Y, Lei X Q, Zhang W Z, Zhang L, Pu Y J. 2014. Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation technology based on soil test for winter wheat on Weibei Dryland. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 47, 3826–3838. (in Chinese)

Cate R B, Nelson L A. 1971. A simple statistical procedure for partitioning soil test correlation data into two classes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 35, 658–660.

Chen X P, Cui Z L, Fan M S, Vitousek P, Zhao M, Ma W Q, Wang Z L, Zhang W J, Yan X Y, Yang J C, Deng X P, Gao Q, Zhang Q, Guo S W, Ren J, Li S Q, Ye Y L, Wang Z H, Huang J L, Tang Q Y, et al. 2014. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 514, 486–489.

Chen S, Lin B W, Li Y Q, Zhou S N. 2020. Spatial and temporal changes of soil properties and soil fertility evaluation in a large grain-production area of subtropical plain, China. Geoderma, 357, 113937.

Colomb B, Debaeke P, Jouany C, Nolot J M. 2007. Phosphorus management in low input stockless cropping systems: Crop and soil responses to contrasting P regimes in a 36-year experiment in southern France. European Journal of Agronomy, 26, 154–165.

Cui Z L, Chen X P, Zhang F S. 2013. Development of regional nitrogen rate guidelines for intensive cropping systems in China. Agronomy Journal, 105, 1411–1416.

Cui Z L, Chen X P, Zhang F S, Xu J F, Shi L W, Li J L. 2007. Appropriate soil nitrate N content for winter wheat/summer maize rotations systems in North China Plain. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 2227–2232. (in Chinese)

Dai J, Wang Z H, Li F C, He G, Wang S, Li Q, Cao H B, Luo L C, Zan Y L, Meng X Y, Zhang W W, Wang R H, Malhi S S. 2015. Optimizing nitrogen input by balancing winter wheat yield and residual nitrate-N in soil in a long-term dryland field experiment in the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research, 181, 32–41.

FAOSTAT. 2020. Online statistical database: Agriculture Production. [2020-11-10]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC

Gao Z Y, Cao H B, Huang M, Bao M, Qiu W H, Liu J S. 2023. Winter wheat yield and soil critical phosphorus value response to yearly rainfall and P fertilization on the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research, 296, 108921.

Gichangi E M, Gatheru M, Njiru E N, Mungube E O, Wambua J M, Wamuongo J W. 2015. Assessment of climate variability and change in semi-arid eastern Kenya. Climatic Change, 130, 287–297.

Gong Z, Zhang G, Chen Z. 2003. Development of soil classification in China. In: Eswaran H, ed., Soil Classification. Chemical Rubber Company (CRC) Press, Boca Raton. pp. 101–125.

He P, Xu X P, Zhou W, Smith W, He W T, Grant B, Ding W C, Qiu S J, Zhao S C. 2022. Ensuring future agricultural sustainability in China utilizing an observationally validated nutrient recommendation approach. European Journal of Agronomy, 132, 126409.

Hou S B, Dang H Y, Huang T M, Huang Q N, Li C, Li X H, Sun Y Y, Chu H X, Qiu W H, Liu J S, Shi M, He G, Siddique K H M, Wang Z H. 2023. Targeting high nutrient efficiency to reduce fertilizer input in wheat production of China. Field Crops Research, 292, 108809.

Huang M, Wang Z H, Luo L C, Wang S, Malhi S S. 2017. Soil testing at harvest to enhance productivity and reduce nitrate residues in dryland wheat production. Field Crops Research, 212, 153–164.

Huang Q N, Wang Z H, Huang T M, Hou S B, Zhang X, Ma Q X, Zhang X X. 2018. Relationships of N, P and K requirement to wheat grain yield of farmers in major wheat production regions of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 51, 2722–2734. (in Chinese)

Jia S H, Zhou D, Xu D Y. 2011. The temporal and spatial variability of soil properties in an agricultural system as affected by farming practices in the past 25 years. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 9, 669–676.

Ju X T, Christie P. 2011. Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems: A case study on the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 124, 450–458.

Khan A, Lu G Y, Ayaz M, Zhang H T, Wang R J, Lv F L, Yang X Y, Sun B H, Zhang S L. 2018. Phosphorus efficiency, soil phosphorus dynamics and critical phosphorus level under long-term fertilization for single and double cropping systems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 256, 1–11.

Krusekopf H H, Mitchell J P, Hartz T K, May D M, Cahn M. 2002. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate testing identifies processing tomato fields not requiring sidedress N fertilizer. Hortscience, 37, 520–524.

Li H, Huang G, Meng Q, Ma L, Yuan L, Wang F, Zhang W, Cui Z, Shen J, Chen X, Jiang R, Zhang F. 2011. Integrated soil and plant phosphorus management for crop and environment in China. A review. Plant and Soil, 349, 157–167.

Li S T, Yu D, Guo T W, Zhang P L, He P, Johnston A, Shcherbakov A. 2015. Potassium management in potato production in Northwest region of China. Field Crops Research, 174, 48–54.

Liu H, Wang Z H, Yu R, Li F C, Li K Y, Cao H B, Yang N, Li M H, Dai J, Zan Y L, Li Q, Xue C, He G, Huang D L, Huang M, Liu J S, Qiu W H, Zhao H B, Mao H. 2016a. Optimal nitrogen input for higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts of winter wheat production in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 224, 1–11.

Liu J G, You L Z, Amini M, Obersteiner M, Herrero M, Zehnder A J B, Yang H. 2010. A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 8035–8040.

Liu X, Sheng H, Jiang S Y, Yuan Z W, Zhang C S, Elser J. 2016b. Intensification of phosphorus cycling in China since the 1600s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 2609–2614.

Lu J, Bai Z H, Velthof G L, Wu Z G, Chadwick D, Ma L. 2019. Accumulation and leaching of nitrate in soils in wheat–maize production in China. Agricultural Water Management, 212, 407–415.

Macdonald G K, Bennett E M, Potter P A, Ramankutty N. 2011. Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world’s croplands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3086–3091.

Ni B, Zhang W, Xu X C, Wang L G, Bol R, Wang K Y, Hu Z J, Zhang H X, Meng F Q. 2021. Exponential relationship between N2O emission and fertilizer nitrogen input and mechanisms for improving fertilizer nitrogen efficiency under intensive plastic-shed vegetable production in China: A systematic analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 312, 107353.

Poulton P R, Johnston A E, White R P. 2013. Plant-available soil phosphorus. Part I: The response of winter wheat and spring barley to Olsen P on a silty clay loam. Soil Use and Management, 29, 4–11.

Qiu W H, Ma X L, Cao H B, Huang T M, She X, Huang M, Wang Z H, Liu J S. 2022. Improving wheat yield by optimizing seeding and fertilizer rates based on precipitation in the summer fallow season in drylands of the Loess Plateau. Agricultural Water Management, 264, 107489.

Ren K Y, Xu M G, Li R, Zheng L, Liu S G, Reis S, Wang H Y, Lu C G, Zhang W J, Gao H, Duan Y H, Gu B J. 2022. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer use for more grain and less pollution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 360, 132180.

Ren Y, Zhang S X, Lan M U, Tian Y G, Chang-Ai L U. 2009. Change and difference of soil nutrients for various regions in China. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 6, 13–17. (in Chinese)

Sandaña P, Orena S, Rojas J S, Kalazich J, Uribe M. 2020. Critical value of soil potassium for potato crops in volcanic soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20, 1171–1177.

Singh J, Brar B S, Sekhon B S, Mavi M S, Singh G, Kaur G. 2016. Impact of long-term phosphorous fertilization on Olsen-P and grain yields in maize–wheat cropping sequence. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 106, 1–12.

Song X D, Liu F, Wu H Y, Cao Q, Zhang G L. 2020. Effects of long-term K fertilization on soil available potassium in East China. Catena, 188, 104412.

Sucunza F A, Boem F G, Garcia F O, Boxler M, Rubio G. 2018. Long-term phosphorus fertilization of wheat, soybean and maize on Mollisols: Soil test trends, critical levels and balances. European Journal of Agronomy, 96, 87–95.

Tan D S, Jin J Y, Jiang L H, Huang S W, Liu Z H. 2012. Potassium assessment of grain producing soils in North China. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 148, 65–71.

Tang X, Ma Y B, Hao X Y, Li X Y, Li J M, Huang S M, Yang X Y. 2009. Determining critical values of soil Olsen-P for maize and winter wheat from long-term experiments in China. Plant and Soil, 323, 143–151.

Ubugunov L L, Enkhtuyaa B, Merkusheva M G. 2015. The content of available mineral phosphorus compounds in chestnut soils of Northern Mongolia upon application of different forms of phosphorite. Eurasian Soil Science, 48, 634–642.

Wang J L, Dong J Y, Wang Y B, He J L, Ouyang C Q. 2011. The design of an optimal decision-making algorithm for fertilization. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54, 1100–1106.

Wang X N, Wang Z H, Li S X. 2006. Soil nitrogen balance in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system on dryland of Loess Plateau. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 12, 759–764. (in Chinese)

Wang X S, Mi X T, Sun L Q, He G, Wang Z H. 2023. Straw return cannot prevent soil potassium depletion in wheat fields of drylands. European Journal of Agronomy, 143, 126728.

Xi B, Zhai L M, Liu J, Liu S, Wang H Y, Luo C Y, Ren T Z, Liu H B. 2016. Long-term phosphorus accumulation and agronomic and environmental critical phosphorus levels in Haplic Luvisol soil, northern China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15, 200–208.

Xu T, Ma Y B, Hao X Y, Li X Y, Li J M, Huang S M, Yang X Y, 2009. Determining critical values of soil Olsen-P for maize and winter wheat from long-term experiments in China. Plant and Soil, 323, 143–151.

Xu X P, He P, Qiu S J, Zhao S C, Ding W C, Zhou W. 2022. Nutrient management increases potato productivity and reduces environmental risk: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 369, 133357.

Yang S M, Li F M, Malhi S, Wang P, Suo D G, Wang J G. 2004. Long-term fertilization effects on crop yield and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil in Northwestern China. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1039–1049.

Yu S B, Khan S, Mo F, Ren A X, Lin W, Feng Y, Dong S F, Ren J, Wang W X, Noor H, Yang Z P, Sun M, Gao Z Q. 2021. Determining optimal nitrogen input rate on the base of fallow season precipitation to achieve higher crop water productivity and yield. Agricultural Water Management, 246, 106689.

Yuan M, Fernández F G, Pittelkow C M, Greer K D, Schaefer D. 2020. Soil and crop response to phosphorus and potassium management under conservation tillage. Agronomy Journal, 112, 2302–2316.

Zhang H M, Yang X Y, He X H, Xu M G, Huang S M, Liu H, Wang B R. 2011. Effect of long-term potassium fertilization on crop yield and potassium efficiency and balance under wheat–maize rotation in China. Pedosphere, 21, 154–163.

Zhang J T, Lu C A, Wang J Z, Shan H X, Xu M G, Ren Y, Tian Y G. 2010. The change of farmland soil fertility in fluvo aquic soil district of China. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 5, 6–10. (in Chinese)

Zhang M Q, Li J, Kong Q B, Yan F. 2016. Progress and prospect of the study on crop-response-to-fertilization function model. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 53, 1344–1356. (in Chinese)

Zhang X, Davidson E A, Mauzerall D L, Searchinger T D, Dumas P, Shen Y. 2015. Managing nitrogen for sustainable development. Nature, 528, 51–59.

Zhang X, Li X, Luo L, Ma Q, Ma Q, Hui X, Wang S, Liu J, Wang Z. 2019. Monitoring wheat nitrogen requirement and top soil nitrate for nitrate residue controlling in drylands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 118372.

Zhou M H, Butterbach-Bahl K. 2014. Assessment of nitrate leaching loss on a yield-scaled basis from maize and wheat cropping systems. Plant and Soil, 374, 977–991.

Zhou J Y, Gu B J, Schlesinger W H, Ju X T. 2016. Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese semi-humid croplands. Scientific Reports, 6, 25088.