Phosphorus losses via surface runoff in rice-wheat cropping systems as impacted by rainfall regimes and fertilizer applications
LIU Jian, ZUO Qiang, ZHAI Li-mei, LUO Chun-yan, LIU Hong-bin, WANG Hong-yuan, LIU Shen, ZOU Guo-yuan, REN Tian-zhi
1、Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R.China
2、Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
3、Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P.R.China
4、Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, P.R.China
摘要 Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural soils contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This field plot study investigated effects of rainfall regimes and P applications on P loss by surface runoff from rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems in Lake Taihu region, China. The study was conducted on two types of paddy soils (Hydromorphic at Anzhen site, Wuxi City, and Degleyed at Xinzhuang site, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province) with different P status, and it covered 3 years with low, high and normal rainfall regimes. Four rates of mineral P fertilizer, i.e., no P (control), 30 kg P ha–1 for rice and 20 kg P ha–1 for wheat (P30+20), 75 plus 40 (P75+40), and 150 plus 80 (P150+80), were applied as treatments. Runoff water from individual plots and runoff events was recorded and analyzed for total P and dissolved reactive P concentrations. Losses of total P and dissolved reactive P significantly increased with rainfall depth and P rates (P<0.0001). Annual total P losses ranged from 0.36–0.92 kg ha–1 in control to 1.13–4.67 kg ha–1 in P150+80 at Anzhen, and correspondingly from 0.36–0.48 kg ha–1 to 1.26–1.88 kg ha–1 at Xinzhuang, with 16–49% of total P as dissolved reactive P. In particular, large amounts of P were lost during heavy rainfall events that occurred shortly after P applications at Anzhen. On average of all P treatments, rice growing season constituted 37–86% of annual total P loss at Anzhen and 28–44% of that at Xinzhuang. In both crop seasons, P concentrations peaked in the first runoff events and decreased with time. During rice growing season, runoff P concentrations positively correlated (P<0.0001) with P concentrations in field ponding water that was intentionally enclosed by construction of field bund. The relative high P loss during wheat growing season at Xinzhuang was due to high soil P status. In conclusion, P should be applied at rates balancing crop removal (20–30 kg P ha–1 in this study) and at time excluding heavy rains. Moreover, irrigation and drainage water should be appropriately managed to reduce runoff P losses from rice-wheat cropping systems.
Abstract Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural soils contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This field plot study investigated effects of rainfall regimes and P applications on P loss by surface runoff from rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems in Lake Taihu region, China. The study was conducted on two types of paddy soils (Hydromorphic at Anzhen site, Wuxi City, and Degleyed at Xinzhuang site, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province) with different P status, and it covered 3 years with low, high and normal rainfall regimes. Four rates of mineral P fertilizer, i.e., no P (control), 30 kg P ha–1 for rice and 20 kg P ha–1 for wheat (P30+20), 75 plus 40 (P75+40), and 150 plus 80 (P150+80), were applied as treatments. Runoff water from individual plots and runoff events was recorded and analyzed for total P and dissolved reactive P concentrations. Losses of total P and dissolved reactive P significantly increased with rainfall depth and P rates (P<0.0001). Annual total P losses ranged from 0.36–0.92 kg ha–1 in control to 1.13–4.67 kg ha–1 in P150+80 at Anzhen, and correspondingly from 0.36–0.48 kg ha–1 to 1.26–1.88 kg ha–1 at Xinzhuang, with 16–49% of total P as dissolved reactive P. In particular, large amounts of P were lost during heavy rainfall events that occurred shortly after P applications at Anzhen. On average of all P treatments, rice growing season constituted 37–86% of annual total P loss at Anzhen and 28–44% of that at Xinzhuang. In both crop seasons, P concentrations peaked in the first runoff events and decreased with time. During rice growing season, runoff P concentrations positively correlated (P<0.0001) with P concentrations in field ponding water that was intentionally enclosed by construction of field bund. The relative high P loss during wheat growing season at Xinzhuang was due to high soil P status. In conclusion, P should be applied at rates balancing crop removal (20–30 kg P ha–1 in this study) and at time excluding heavy rains. Moreover, irrigation and drainage water should be appropriately managed to reduce runoff P losses from rice-wheat cropping systems.
LIU Jian, ZUO Qiang, ZHAI Li-mei, LUO Chun-yan, LIU Hong-bin, WANG Hong-yuan, LIU Shen, ZOU Guo-yuan, REN Tian-zhi.
2016.
Phosphorus losses via surface runoff in rice-wheat cropping systems as impacted by rainfall regimes and fertilizer applications. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(3): 667-677.
Allen B L, Mallarino A P, Klatt J G, Baker J L, Camara M.2006. Soil and surface runoff phosphorus relationships forfive typical USA midwest soils. Journal of EnvironmentalQuality, 35, 99-610
Cao Z, Zhang H. 2004. Phosphorus losses to water from lowlandrice fields under rice-wheat double cropping system in theTai Lake region. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,26, 229-236
Chen M, Chen J, Du P. 2006. An inventory analysis of ruralpollution loads in China. Water Science and Technology,54, 65-74
Deng M, Shi X, Tian Y, Yin B, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Kimura S D. 2012.Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application for rice productionin the Taihu Lake region, China. Pedosphere, 22, 48-57
Ekholm P, Turtola E, Grönroos J, Seuri P, Ylivainio K. 2005.Phosphorus loss from different farming systems estimatedfrom soil surface phosphorus balance. AgricultureEcosystems and Environment, 110, 266-278
Gburek W J, Barberis E, Haygarth P M, Kronvang B, StammC. 2005. Phosphorus mobility in the landscape. In: SimsJ T, Sharpley A N, eds., Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment. American Society of Agronomy, Madison,Wisconsin. pp. 947-953
Guo H, Zhu J, Wang X, Wu Z, Zhang Z. 2004. Case study onnitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field inTaihu region. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,26, 209-219
Hahn C, Prasuhn V, Stamm C, Schulin R. 2012. Phosphoruslosses in runoff from manured grassland of different soil Pstatus at two rainfall intensities. Agriculture Ecosystemsand Environment, 153, 65-74
Haygarth P M. 1997. Agriculture as a Source of PhosphorusPollution in Water: Sources and Pathways. ScientificCommittee on Phosphates in Europe, Paris, France.
Jiao P, Xu D, Wang S, Zhang T. 2011. Phosphorus loss bysurface runoff from agricultural field plots with differentcropping systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,90, 23-32
Kleinman P J A, Sharpley A N, McDowell R C, Flaten D N,Buda A R, Liang T, Bergstrom L, Zhu Q. 2011. Managingagricultural phosphorus for water quality protection:Principles for progress. Plant and Soil, 349, 169-182
Kleinman P J A, Sharpley A N, Moyer B G, Elwinger G F.2002. Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sourceson runoff phosphorus. Journal of Environmental Quality,31, 2026-2033
Kleinman P J A, Srinivasan M S, Dell C J, Schmidt J P, SharpleyA N, Bryant R B. 2006. Role of rainfall intensity andhydrology in nutrient transport via surface runoff. Journalof Environmental Quality, 35, 1248-1259
Li Q, Chen L, Qi X, Zhang X, Ma Y, Fu B. 2007. Assessing fieldvulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural areausing Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme. Journalof Environment Science, 19, 977-985
Liu J, Aronsson H, Blombäck K, Persson K, Bergström L.2012a. Long-term measurements and model simulations ofphosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil. Journalof Soil and Water Conservation, 67, 101-110
Liu J, Aronsson H, Bergström L, Sharpley A N. 2012b.Phosphorus leaching from loamy sand and clay loamtopsoils after application of pig slurry. SpringerPlus, 1, doi:10.1186/2193-1801-1-53
Liu J, Aronsson H, Ulén B, Bergström L. 2012c. Potentialphosphorus leaching from sandy topsoils with differentfertiliser histories before and after application of pig slurry.Soil Use and Management, 28, 457-467
Mao Z. 2002. Water saving irrigation for rice and its effect onenvironment. Engineering Science, 4, 8-16
McConnell D A, Doody D G, Elliott C T, Matthews D I, FerrisC P. 2013. The impact of herbage re-growth intervalon phosphorus losses in runoff post slurry application.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 178, 100-108
Mehlich A. 1984. Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modificationof Mehlich 2 extractant. Communications in Soil Scienceand Plant Analysis, 15, 1409-1416
Murphy J, Riley J R. 1962. A modified single solution method forthe determination of phosphate in natural waters. AnalyticaChimica Acta, 27, 31-36
Olsen S R, Sommers L E. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Pages A L,ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. American Society ofAgronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 403-429
Peng S, Yang S, Xu J, Gao H. 2011. Field experiments ongreenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen and phosphoruslosses from rice paddy with efficient irrigation and drainagemanagement. Science China (Technological Science), 54,1581-1587
Qu J, Fan M. 2010. The current state of water quality andtechnology development for water pollution control in China.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,40, 519-560
Sattari S Z, van Ittersum M K, Giller K E, Zhang F S, BouwmanA F. 2014. Key role of China and its agriculture in globalsustainable phosphorus management. EnvironmentalResearch Letters, 9, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/054003
Schindler D W. 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation inlakes. Science, 195, 260-262
Schroeder P D, Radcliffe D E, Cabrera M L. 2004. Rainfall timingand poultry litter application rate effects on phosphorusloss in surface runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality,33, 2201-2209
Sharpley A N, McDowell R W, Kleinman P J A. 2001.Phosphorus loss from land to water: integrating agriculturaland environmental management. Plant and Soil, 237,287-307
Smith D R, Owens P R, Leytem A B, Warnemuende E A. 2007.Nutrient losses from manure and fertilizer applicationsas impacted by time to first runoff event. EnvironmentalPollution, 147, 131-137
Su D, Yang F, Zhang F. 2002. Profile characteristics andpotential environmental effect of accumulated phosphorusin soils of vegetable fields in Beijing. Pedosphere, 12,179-184
Sun B, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhang F. Norse D, Zhu Z. 2012.Agricultural non-point source pollution in China: Causesand mitigation measures. Ambio: A Jurnal of the HumanEnvironment, 41, 370-379
Sweeney D W, Pierzynski G M, Barnes P L. 2012. Nutrientlosses in field-scale surface runoff from claypan soilreceiving turkey litter and fertilizer. Agriculture Ecosystemsand Environment, 150, 19-26
Thomas R L, Sheard R W, Moyer J P. 1967. Comparisonof conventional and automated procedures for nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium analysis of plant material usinga single digest. Agronomy Journal, 99, 240-243
Ulén B, Bechmann M, Fölster J, Jarvie H P, Tunney H. 2007.Agriculture as a phosphorus source for eutrophication in thenorth-west European countries, Norway, Sweden, UnitedKingdom and Ireland: A review. Soil Use and Management,23(Suppl. 1), 5-15
Ulén B, Bechmann M, Øygarden L, Kyllmar K. 2012. Soil erosionin Nordic countries - future challenges and research needs.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica (Section B - Soil and PlantScience), 62(Suppl. 2), 176-184
Wallace C B, Burton M G, Hefner S G, DeWitt T A. 2013. Effectof preceding rainfall on sediment, nutrients, and bacteriain runoff from biosolids and mineral fertilizer applied toa hayfield in a mountainous region. Agricultural WaterManagement, 130, 113-118
Wang L, Liang T, Zhang Q. 2013. Laboratory experimentsof phosphorus loss with surface runoff during simulatedrainfall. Environmental Earth Science, 70, 2839-2846
Wang K, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Wang G, Shi D, Christie P. 2001.Surface water phosphorus dynamics in rice fields receivingfertiliser and manure phosphorus. Chemosphere, 42,209-214
Withers P J A, Clay S D, Breeze V G. 2001a. Phosphorustransfer in runoff following application of fertilizer, manure,and sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30,180-188
Withers P J A, Edwards A C, Foy R H. 2001b. Phosphoruscycling in UK agriculture and implications for phosphorusloss from soil. Soil Use and Management, 17, 139-149
Withers P J A, Ulén B, Stamm C, Bechmann M. 2003. Incidentalphosphorus losses - are they significant and can they bepredicted? Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,166, 459-468
Zhang G, Liu G, Wang G, Wang Y. 2011. Effects of vegetationcover and rainfall intensity on sediment-associated nitrogenand phosphorus losses and particle size composition onthe Loess Plateau. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,66, 192-200
Zhang H, Cao F, Fang S, Wang G, Zhang H, Cao Z. 2005.Effects of agricultural production on phosphorus lossesfrom paddy soils: a case study in the Taihu Lake Regionof China. Wetland Ecology and Management, 13, 25-33
Zhang H, Cao Z, Shen Q, Wong M. 2003. Effect of phosphatefertilizer application on phosphorus (P) losses from paddysoils in Taihu Lake Region I. Effect of phosphate fertilizerrate on P losses from paddy soil. Chemosphere, 50,695-701
Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao R, Wang D, Zhu Y. 2007. Phosphorusinterception in floodwater of paddy field during the ricegrowingseason in TaiHu Lake Basin. EnvironmentalPollution, 145, 425-433
Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Bailey J S. 2002. Phosphorus exportfrom a paddy rice field during flood events. Soil Use andManagement, 18, 316-323
Zuo Q, Lu C, Zhang W. 2003. Preliminary study of phosphorusrunoff and drainage from a paddy field in the Taihu Basin.Chemosphere, 50, 689–694.
[1]
Shanshan Cai, Lei Sun, Wei Wang, Yan Li, Jianli Ding, Liang Jin, Yumei Li , Jiuming Zhang, Jingkuan Wang, Dan Wei.