|
|
|
|
|
| Dormancy release and germination of Echinochloa crus-galli grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity |
| SONG Bing-yan, SHI Jin-xiao, SONG Song-quan |
1、College of Biology Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, P.R.China
2、Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R.China |
|
|
|
摘要 Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world’s most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant. It is well known that E. crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its dormancy release and germination in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity were poorly understood. The cooperation of endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25) and α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) can hydrolyze the cell walls rich in mannan-based polymers. In the present paper, the mature grains are used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake of grains, the effect of removing partial endosperm, after-ripening, stratification and phytohormone on grain germination, and the change in endo-β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities of grains during after-ripening and germination. The results showed that the freshly-collected grains were water-permeable and had only phase I and II of water uptake, while the grains after-ripened for 150 d had an obvious phase III of water uptake. In alternating photoperiod, the germination of grains freshly-collected was zero at 10–35°C, and that of half grains was 11% at 20°C only. The grain germination was notably promoted by after-ripening and stratification, but not by gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine at 0.0001–1 mmol L–1. β-Mannosidase activity increased during 0 to 300 d of after-ripening and then decreased. The activity of endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase of grains decreased with after-ripening. During grain germination, endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities obviously increased, while α-galactosidase activity decreased. Our data showed that E. crus-galli grain was a deep physiological dormant, the dormancy release by after-ripening was related to an increasing β-mannosidase activity, and its germination was closely associated with an increasing endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity; which have provided new knowledge to decrease the harm of E. crus-galli on production of cereal crop plant.
Abstract Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world’s most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant. It is well known that E. crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its dormancy release and germination in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity were poorly understood. The cooperation of endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25) and α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) can hydrolyze the cell walls rich in mannan-based polymers. In the present paper, the mature grains are used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake of grains, the effect of removing partial endosperm, after-ripening, stratification and phytohormone on grain germination, and the change in endo-β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities of grains during after-ripening and germination. The results showed that the freshly-collected grains were water-permeable and had only phase I and II of water uptake, while the grains after-ripened for 150 d had an obvious phase III of water uptake. In alternating photoperiod, the germination of grains freshly-collected was zero at 10–35°C, and that of half grains was 11% at 20°C only. The grain germination was notably promoted by after-ripening and stratification, but not by gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine at 0.0001–1 mmol L–1. β-Mannosidase activity increased during 0 to 300 d of after-ripening and then decreased. The activity of endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase of grains decreased with after-ripening. During grain germination, endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities obviously increased, while α-galactosidase activity decreased. Our data showed that E. crus-galli grain was a deep physiological dormant, the dormancy release by after-ripening was related to an increasing β-mannosidase activity, and its germination was closely associated with an increasing endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity; which have provided new knowledge to decrease the harm of E. crus-galli on production of cereal crop plant.
|
|
Received: 08 August 2014
Accepted:
|
| Fund: This work was supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (2012BAC01B05). |
|
Corresponding Authors:
SONG Song-quan, Tel: +86-10-62836484,Fax: +86-10-62590835, E-mail: sqsong@ibcas.ac.cn
|
Cite this article:
SONG Bing-yan, SHI Jin-xiao, SONG Song-quan.
2015.
Dormancy release and germination of Echinochloa crus-galli grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(8): 1627-1636.
|
| Baskin C C, Baskin J M. 2014. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. 2nd ed.Academic Press, San Diego.Baskin J M, Baskin C C. 2003. Classification, biogeography,and phylogenetic relationships of seed dormancy. In: SmithR D, Dickie J B, Linington S H, Pritchard H W, Probert RJ, eds., Seed Conservation: Turning Science into Practice.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 517-544Baskin J M, Baskin C C. 2004. A classification system for seeddormancy. Seed Science Research, 14, 1-16Bewley J D. 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. The PlantCell, 9, 1055-1066Bewley J D, Bradford K J, Hilhorst H W M, Nonogaki H.2013. Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germinationand Dormancy. 3rd ed. Springer, New York, HeidelbergDordrecht, London.Black M, Bewley J D, Halmer P. 2006. The Encyclopedia ofSeeds. Sciences, Technology and Uses. CAB International,Oxfordshire. pp. 203-213Bourgault R, Bewley J D. 2002. Gel diffusion assays for endo-β-mannanase and pectin methylesterase can underestimateenzyme activity due to proteolytic degradation: A remedy.Analytical Biochemistry, 300, 87-93Bradford M M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for thequantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing theprinciple of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,72, 48-254Brándel M. 2004. The role of temperature in the regulation ofdormancy and germination of two related summer-annualmudflat species. Aquatic Botany, 79, 15-32Chauhan B S, Johnson D E. 2011. Ecological studies onEchinochloa crus-galli and the implications for weedmanagement in direct-seeded rice. Crop Protection, 30,1385-1391Chen F, Martin R C, Song S Q, Nonogaki H. 2010. Seeddevelopment and germination. In: Trigiano R N, Gray D J,eds., Plant Tissue Culture: Development and Biotechnology.CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 127-140Deng Z J, Cheng H Y, Song S Q. 2010. Effects of temperature,scarification, dry storage, stratification, phytohormone andlight on dormancy-breaking and germination of Cotinuscoggygria var. cinerea (Anacardiaceae) seeds. SeedScience and Technology, 38, 572-584Dong T T, Tong J H, Xiao L T, Cheng H Y, Song S Q. 2012.Nitrate, abscisic acid and gibberellin interactions on thethermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination. Plant GrowthRegulation, 66, 191-202Donohue K, Dorn L, Griffith C, Kim E, Aguilera A, Polisetty CR, Schmitt J. 2005. Environmental and genetic influenceson the germination of Arabidopsis thaliana in the field.Evolution, 59, 740-757Donohue K, de Casas R R, Burghardt L, Kovach K, Willis CG. 2010. Germination, postgermination adaptation, andspecies ecological ranges. Annual Review of EcologyEvolution and Systematics, 41, 293-319Endo A, Tatematsu K, Hanada K, Duermeyer L, Okamoto M,Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Saito K, Toyoda T, KawakamiN, Kamiya Y, Seki M, Nambara E. 2012. Tissue-specifictranscriptome analysis reveals cell wall metabolism, flavonolbiosynthesis and defense responses are activated in theendosperm of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. PlantCell and Physiology, 53, 16-27Finch-Savage W E, Leubner-Metzger G. 2006. Seed dormancyand the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171,501-523Finkelstein R, Reeves W, Ariizumi T, Steber C. 2008. Molecularaspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology,59, 387-415Gao F, Ayele B T. 2014. Functional genomics of seed dormancyin wheat: Advances and prospects. Frontiers in PlantSciences, 5, 1-11Gealy D R, Wailes E J, Estorninos L J, Chavez R C. 2003.Rice cultivar differences in suppression of barnyard grass(Echinochloa crus-galli) and economics of reduced propanil rates. Weed Science, 51, 601-609Graeber K, Nakabayashi K, Miatton E, Leubner-MetzgerG, Soppe W J J. 2012. Molecular mechanisms of seeddormancy. Plant, Cell and Environment, 35, 1769-1786Haefele S M, Johnson D E, Mbodj D, Wopereis M C S, MiezanK M. 2004. Field screening of diverse rice genotypes forweed competitiveness in irrigated lowland ecosystems.Field Crops Research, 88, 39-56Hauvermale A L, Ariizumi T, Steber C M. 2012. Gibberellinsignaling: A theme and variations on DELLA repression.Plant Physiology, 160, 83-92Holdsworth M J, Bentsink L, Soppe W J J. 2008. Molecularnetworks regulating Arabidopsis seed maturation, afterripening,dormancy and germination. New Phytologist,179, 33-54Huang X, Schmitt J, Dorn L, Griffiths C, Effgen S, Takao S,Koornneef M, Donohue K. 2010. The earliest stages ofadaptation in an experimental plant population: strongselection on QTLs for seed dormancy. Molecular Ecology,19, 1335-1351Iglesias-Fernández R, Rodríguez-Gacio M C, Barrero-Sicilia C,Carbonero P, Matilla A. 2011. Three endo-β-mannanasegenes expressed in the micropylar endosperm and in theradicle influence germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.Planta, 233, 25-36Ikeda K, Goto T, Tobisa M, Simojo M, Masuda Y. 2003. Studieson dormancy awakening and germination of Echinochloacrus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Digitaria adscendens (H.B.K.)Henr. buried seeds in the central highland area of Kyushu.Grassland Science, 49, 238-242Kucera B, Cohn M A, Leubner-Metzger G. 2005. Plant hormoneinteractions during seed dormancy release and germination.Seed Science Resarch, 15, 281-307Lara-Núñez A, Sánchez-Nieto S, Anaya A L, Cruz-Ortega R.2009. Phytotoxic effects of Sicyos deppei (Cucurbitaceae)in germinating tomato seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 136,180-192Li Y J, Cheng H Y, Song S Q. 2009. Effects of temperature,after-ripening, stratification, and scarification plus hormonetreatments on dormancy release and germination of Acertruncatum seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 37,554-562McIlvaine T. 1922. A buffer solution for colorimetric comparison.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 49, 183-186Mo B, Bewley J D. 2003. The relationship betweenβ-mannosidase and endo-β-mannanase activities in tomatoseeds during and following germination: a comparisonof seed populations and individual seeds. Journal ofExperimental Botany, 54, 2503-2510Morris K, Linkies A, Müller K, Oracz K, Wang X, Lynn J R,Leubner-Metzger G, Finch-Savage W E. 2011. Regulationof seed germination in the close Arabidopsis relativeLepidium sativum: A global tissue-specific transcriptanalysis. Plant Physiology, 155, 1851-1870Nambara E, Okamoto M, Tatematsu K, Yano R, Seo M, KamiyaY. 2010. Abscisic acid and the control of seed dormancy andgermination. Seed Science Research, 20, 55-67Nonogaki H, Bassel G W, Bewley J D. 2010. Germination-Stilla mystery. Plant Science, 179, 574-581Nonogaki H, Nomaguchi M, Morohashi Y. 1995. Endo-β-mannanase in the endosperm of germinated tomato seeds.Physiologia Plantarum, 94, 328-334Nonogaki H. 2014. Seed dormancy and germination-Emergingmechanisms and new hypotheses. Frontiers in PlantSciences, 5, 1-14Obroucheva N V, Antipova O V. 1997. Physiology of theinitiation of seed germination. Russian Journal of PlantPhysiology, 44, 250-264Pinto L V A, Da Silva E A A, Davide A C, De Jesus V A M,Toorop P E, Hilhorst H W M. 2007. Mechanism and controlof Solanum lycocarpum seed germination. Annals ofBotany, 100, 1175-1187Ren Y F, Bewley J D, Wang X F. 2008. Protein and geneexpression patterns of endo-β-mannanase followinggermination of rice. Seed Science Research, 18, 139-149SPSS. 2006. SPSS for Windows. version 15.0. Chicago, Illinois.Wang A, Wang X F, Ren Y F, Gong X M, Bewley J D. 2005.Endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities in ricegrains during and following germination, and the influenceof gibberellin and abscisic acid. Seed Science Research,15, 219-227Weitbrecht K, Müller K, Leubner-Metzger G. 2011. First off themark: Eearly seed germination. Journal of ExperimentalBotany, 62, 3289-3309Yoshioka T, Satoh S, Yamasue Y. 1998. Effect of increasedconcentration of soil CO2 on intermittent flushes of seedgermination in Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli. Plant,Cell and Environment, 21, 1301–1306. |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
