Straw incorporation increases stage-specific biological nitrogen fixation by stimulating microbial carbon turnover and nitrogenase gene expression in paddy soil

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.04.022

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Wei Gao¹^,^2*#, Xinyue Hu^{1, 2, 3*}, Xupeng Wang^{1, 2, 4}, Manyun Zhang³, Xinyi Ma⁴, Yan Li^{1, 2#}, Jianlin Shen^{1, 2}, Xiangbi Chen^{1, 2}, Xiaobin Guo^{1, 2}, Lianfeng Wang^4#, Shoulong Liu^{1, 2}, Jinshui Wu^{1, 2}

¹Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China

²Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410158, China

³College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

⁴College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China

Highlights

· Straw incorporation stimulated soil BNF, but the effect decreased with rice growth stages.

· Straw incorporation increased soil diazotrophic diversity and network density in paddy fields.

· Microbial carbon turnover was the key factor affecting soil BNF under straw incorporation.

Abstract
References

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摘要

秸秆还田通过向土壤中输入有机碳源提升了土壤肥力。因秸秆碳氮比高，其还田刺激土壤生物固氮过程，但该过程在水稻不同生长阶段如何变化，目前尚不清楚。据此，本研究基于10年的田间定位试验，研究了不同秸秆还田量梯度（不还田、低量还田3吨/公顷、高量还田6吨/公顷）水稻典型生育期（分蘖期、拔节期和成熟期）土壤生物固氮活性及固氮微生物群落结构变化动态。结果表明，在水稻整个生育期内，随着秸秆还田量的增加，土壤生物固氮活性均显著增强，但是该“以碳促氮”效应随着水稻生育期的延长逐渐减弱，这与土壤微生物碳周转和固氮基因的表达显著相关。高通量测序进一步发现，Dechloromonas（脱氯单胞菌）、Bradyrhizobium（慢生根瘤菌）、Azospirillum（固氮螺菌）等关键固氮微生物介导了秸秆还田下土壤生物固氮过程。秸秆还田通过提高土壤固氮微生物丰度、多样性及种间互作，进而增强了土壤生物固氮活性并提升了水稻产量。与秸秆不还田相比，低量和高量秸秆还田下水稻增产分别为12.6%和15.5%。综上所述，长期秸秆还田重构了土壤氮转化动态，通过增强土壤生物固氮实现了稻田土壤肥力与作物产量的协同提升。

Abstract

Straw amendments can improve soil fertility by loading organic carbon (C) into soils, but whether and how biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs in long-term rice straw (RS)-incorporated paddy fields remain poorly understood. To fill this gap, we explored the effects of three rates of straw incorporation (0, 3 and 6 t ha^-1; RS₀, RS₃ and RS₆) on soil BNF activities inferred from acetylene reduction assay (ARA) and diazotrophic communities at three rice growth stages (tillering, elongation, and maturation) based on a 10-year field experiment. The ARA activities increased significantly in response to increasing straw incorporation rates across all three rice growth stages, while the effect decreased as rice growth progressed. Soil BNF was associated with key diazotrophs, such as Dechloromonas, Bradyrhizobium, and Azospirillum. Straw incorporation increased diazotrophic abundance, diversity and interactions, which consequently improved soil BNF activities and rice yields. Straw incorporation increased rice yield by 12.6% in RS₃ and by 15.5% in RS₆ compared with the control. Structural equation models (SEMs) suggested that microbial C turnover and nitrogenase gene expression were the key factors affecting soil stage-specific BNF associated with the decomposition of straw. These results revealed that C-rich straw incorporation reconfigured soil N dynamics, enabling simultaneous improvement of soil fertility and rice yields through demand-driven BNF patterns in paddy fields.

Keywords: straw incorporation biological nitrogen fixation soil diazotrophs carbon-nitrogen balance paddy soil

Online: 22 April 2026

Fund:

This work is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2024YFD1900101), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42107366).

About author: #Correspondence Wei Gao, E-mail: gaowei@isa.ac.cn; Yan Li, E-mail: liyan027@isa.ac.cn; Lianfeng Wang, E-mail: wanglfdl@aliyun.com

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Wei Gao, Xinyue Hu, Xupeng Wang, Manyun Zhang, Xinyi Ma, Yan Li, Jianlin Shen, Xiangbi Chen, Xiaobin Guo, Lianfeng Wang, Shoulong Liu, Jinshui Wu. 2026. Straw incorporation increases stage-specific biological nitrogen fixation by stimulating microbial carbon turnover and nitrogenase gene expression in paddy soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.04.022

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