|
|
|
Tomato Yield and Quality and Emitter Clogging as Affected by Chlorination Schemes of Drip Irrigation Systems Applying Sewage Effluent |
LI Jiu-sheng, LI Yan-feng, ZHANG Hang |
1.State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, P.R.China |
|
|
摘要 Chlorination has been recognized as an efficient and economically favorable method for treating clogging in drip emitters caused by biological growth during sewage application. Further important criteria for determining an optimal chlorination scheme are the different responses of crops to the chloride added into the soil through chlorination. During two seasons in 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted in a solar-heated greenhouse with drip irrigation systems applying secondary sewage effluent to tomato plants to investigate the influences of chlorine injection intervals and levels on plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and emitter clogging. Injection intervals ranging from 2 to 8 wk and injection concentrations ranging 2-50 mg L-1 of free chlorine residual at the end of the laterals were used. For the 2008 experiments, the yield from the treatments of sewage application with chlorination was 7.5% lower than the yield from the treatment of sewage application without chlorination, while the yields for the treatments with and without chlorination were similar for the 2009 experiments. The statistical tests indicated that neither the chlorine injection intervals and concentrations nor the interactions between the two significantly influenced plant height, leaf area, or tomato yield for both years. The qualities of the fruit in response to chlorination were parameter-dependent. Chlorination did not significantly influence the quality of ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, or soluble acids, but the interaction between the chlorine injection interval and the chlorine concentration significantly influenced the levels of soluble solids. It was also confirmed that chlorination was an effective method for reducing biological clogging. These results suggested that chlorination is safe for a crop that has a moderate sensitivity to chlorine, like tomato, and can maintain a high level of performance in drip irrigation systems applying sewage effluent
Abstract Chlorination has been recognized as an efficient and economically favorable method for treating clogging in drip emitters caused by biological growth during sewage application. Further important criteria for determining an optimal chlorination scheme are the different responses of crops to the chloride added into the soil through chlorination. During two seasons in 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted in a solar-heated greenhouse with drip irrigation systems applying secondary sewage effluent to tomato plants to investigate the influences of chlorine injection intervals and levels on plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and emitter clogging. Injection intervals ranging from 2 to 8 wk and injection concentrations ranging 2-50 mg L-1 of free chlorine residual at the end of the laterals were used. For the 2008 experiments, the yield from the treatments of sewage application with chlorination was 7.5% lower than the yield from the treatment of sewage application without chlorination, while the yields for the treatments with and without chlorination were similar for the 2009 experiments. The statistical tests indicated that neither the chlorine injection intervals and concentrations nor the interactions between the two significantly influenced plant height, leaf area, or tomato yield for both years. The qualities of the fruit in response to chlorination were parameter-dependent. Chlorination did not significantly influence the quality of ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, or soluble acids, but the interaction between the chlorine injection interval and the chlorine concentration significantly influenced the levels of soluble solids. It was also confirmed that chlorination was an effective method for reducing biological clogging. These results suggested that chlorination is safe for a crop that has a moderate sensitivity to chlorine, like tomato, and can maintain a high level of performance in drip irrigation systems applying sewage effluent
|
Received: 15 August 2011
Accepted:
|
Fund: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50779078). |
Corresponding Authors:
Correspondence LI Jiu-sheng, Mobile: 13641316309, Tel: +86-10-68786545, Fax: +86-10-68451169, E-mail: lijs@iwhr.com
E-mail: lijs@iwhr.com
|
Cite this article:
LI Jiu-sheng, LI Yan-feng, ZHANG Hang.
2012.
Tomato Yield and Quality and Emitter Clogging as Affected by Chlorination Schemes of Drip Irrigation Systems Applying Sewage Effluent. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 12(10): 1744-1754.
|
[1]ASAE Standards. 1988. EP458: Field evaluation ofmicroirrigation systems. 45th ed.ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.[2]ASAE Standards. 2003. EP405.1: Design and installation ofmicroirrigation systems. ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.[3]Australian Water Association. 2000. Primary industriesrationaleand background information (irrigation andgeneral water uses, stock drinking water, aquacultureand human consumers of aquatic foods). In: Australianand New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and MarineWater Quality. vol. 3. Sydney, Australia.[4]Ayers R S, Westcot D W. 1994. Water quality foragriculture. In: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Rev. 1.FAO, Rome, Italy. p. 29.[5]Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute. 2008. Monitoring andEvaluation on the Agricultural Irrigation UsingReclaimed Sewage Effluent in Beijing Metropolis.Beijing. (in Chinese)[6]Burt C, O’Connor K, Ruehr T. 1998. Fertigation. Irrigationand Research Center. California Polytechnic University,San Luis Obispo, California.[7]GB 5084-2005 2006. Standards for irrigation water quality.Chinese National Standard. (in Chinese)[8]GB/T 50485-2009. 2009. Technical code for microirrigationengineering. Chinese National Standard.[9]Dehghanisanij H, Yamamoto T, Ahmad B O, Fujiyama H,Miyamoto K. 2005. The effects of chlorine on emitterclogging induced by algae and protozoa and theperformance of drip irrigation. Transactions of the ASAE,48, 519-527[10]English S D. 1985. Filtration and water treatment formicroirrigation: drip/trickle irrigation in action. In:Proceedings of International Drip/Trickle IrrigationCongress. ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich. pp. 50-68[11]Fuchs M. 2007. Impact of research on water use for irrigationin Israel. Irrigation Science, 25, 443-445[12]Lamm F R, Trooien T P, Clark G A, Stone L R, Alam M,Rogers D H, Schlegel A J. 2002. Using beef lagoonwastewater with SDI. In: Proceedings of 2002Association Technical Conference. The IrrigationAssociation, Falls Church, Virginia.Lamm F R, Ayers J E, Nakayama F S. 2007. Microirrigationfor Crop Production. Design, Operation, andManagement. Chapter 9. Application of BiologicalEffluent. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Li J S, Zhang J J, Rao M J. 2004. Wetting patterns andnitrogen distributions as affected by fertigationstrategies from a surface point sources. Agricultural WaterManagement, 67, 89-104[13]Li J S, Chen L, Li Y F. 2009. Comparison of clogging in dripemitters during application of sewage effluent andgroundwater. Transactions of the ASABE, 52, 1203-1211[14]Li J S, Chen L, Li Y F, Yin J F, Zhang H. 2010. Effects ofchlorination schemes on clogging in drip emittersduring applications of sewage effluent. AppliedEngineering in Agriculture, 26, 565-578[15]Maas E V. 1990. Crop salt tolerance. In: AgriculturalSalinity Assessment and Management. AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, New York, USA.Nakayama F S, Bucks D A. 1991. Water quality in drip/trickle irrigations: a review. Irrigation Science, 12, 187-192[16]Oron G, Shelef G, Turzynski B. 1979. Trickle irrigation usingtreated wastewaters. Journal of Irrigation andDrainage Division, 105, 175-186[17]Pitts D J, Haman D Z, Smajstrla A G. 2003. Causes andprevention of emitter plugging in microirrigationsystems. Bulletin 258. The Institute of Food andAgricultural Sciences, University of Florida.Ravina I, Paz E, Sofer Z,Marcu A, SchischaA, Sagi G. 1992.Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation withreclaimed wastewater. Irrigation Science, 13, 129-138[18]SAS. 2001. SAS Proprietary Software. ver. 8.02. SASInstitute, Cary, NC.Tajrishy M A, Hills D J, Tchobanoglous G. 1994.Pretreatment of secondary effluent for drip irrigation.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 120,716-731[19]Trooien T P, Lamm F R, Stone L R, Alam M, Rogers D H,Clark GA, Schlegel A J. 2000. Subsurface drip irrigationusing livestock wastewater: dripline flow rates. AppliedEngineering in Agriculture, 16, 505-508[20]Wu WY, Xu C P, Liu H L, Hao Z Y, Ma F S, Ma Z J. 2010.Effect of reclaimed water irrigation on yield and qualityof fruity vegetables. Transactions of the CSAE, 26, 36-40 (in Chinese)[21]Yan D Z, Yang P L, Rowan M, Ren S M, Pitts D. 2010.Biofilm accumulation and structure in the flow path ofdrip emitters using reclaimed wastewater. Transactionsof the ASABE, 53, 751-758. |
No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|