2020—2025年海南冬春季豇豆害虫种类调查及其发生危害规律

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.21.014

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to identify the species composition and population dynamics of major pests in the main cowpea-producing areas of Hainan, and to evaluate the effects of different planting patterns and cultivation managements on the pest community structure, thus providing a theoretical basis for developing precise control strategies. 【Method】Systematic investigations were conducted on the pest species and dominant pests on cowpeas during the winter-spring seasons from 2020 to 2025 in Hainan cowpea planting areas, using plant visual inspection and colored sticky trap methods. The population dynamics of pests were compared under different management practices (non-pesticide-treated and conventionally pesticide-treated) and different cultivation modes (open-field, semi-enclosed, and fully-enclosed). 【Result】(1) A total of 16 pest species infesting cowpea were identified in Hainan Province, which belonged to 6 orders, 9 families. In non-pesticide-treated cowpea fields, a higher diversity of pests was observed (6 orders, 9 families, 16 species), with the dominant species being Megalurothrips usitatus, Frankliniella intonsa, Liriomyza trifolii, Spodoptera exigua, and Aphis craccivora. In contrast, conventional pesticide-treated fields exhibited reduced pest diversity (4 orders, 5 families, 10 species), with thrips and leafminers remaining as the predominant pests. (2) Regardless of pesticide application, thrips and leafminers were present throughout the entire cowpea growth cycle. Thrips populations were significantly higher, showing low numbers at the seedling stage, a continuous increase during vine elongation, and multiple population peaks during the flowering stage coinciding with bloom. Leafminers were abundant from January to March in 2021, but caused only sporadic damage during 2024-2025. (3) Under both open-field and semi-enclosed planting modes, the pest species composition was similar, primarily consisting of thrips and leafminers, with M. usitatus as the dominant thrips species and L. trifolii as the dominant leafminer species. Thrips outbreaks generally occurred around January of the following year, while spider mite outbreaks were occasionally observed in semi-enclosed planting mode in certain years. Compared with open-field and semi-enclosed modes, the species of pests in the fully-enclosed planting mode were relatively few, and only thrips accounted for approximately 66% of the total pest population. During the later growth stages under higher temperatures (i.e., January to March of the following year), populations of Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae increased significantly. In conclusion, thrips caused the most severe damage throughout the cowpea growth cycle, significantly affecting both yield and quality. In some years, leafminers and T. urticae also inflicted considerable damage, while other pests were less detrimental. 【Conclusion】There are many kinds of pests in cowpea in Hainan, among which thrips are the most serious. The occurrence of pests in open-field planting mode is more serious, and the damage of pests in net-enclosed field is relatively light. The net-enclosed mode can effectively block some pests, but the fully-enclosed planting mode is affected by the micro-environment such as high temperature and high humidity, and the probability of outbreak of B. tabaci, T. urticae and other pests in the late growth stage of cowpea is large.

Key words: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pest species, dominant species, occurrence pattern, planting and management mode, Hainan Province

WU MingYue, FU QiuMei, HUANG ShengLin, LUO Feng, LIU Yong, SHI CaiHua, ZHANG YouJun, KONG XiangYi, XIE Wen. Investigation on Species Composition and Damage Dynamics of Cowpea Pests in Hainan Winter-Spring Cropping System (2020-2025)[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(21): 4451-4466.

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Figures/Tables 12

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Table 5

Correlation between population dynamics of major pests on cowpea and meteorological factors under different planting patterns"

调查时间 Sampling time	种植模式 Planting pattern	害虫种类 Pest species	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6
2023-01—2023-02	露地种植 Open-field planting	A	-0.384	0.372	-0.218	0.149	-0.051	0.198
		B	0.235	-0.629	-0.393	-0.626	0.262	0.294
		C	0.988**	0.053	0.600	0.300	-0.052	-0.530
		D	-0.304	0.005	-0.179	-0.082	0.774*	0.551
		E	-0.346	0.255	-0.133	0.109	0.875**	0.642
	半围网种植 Semi-enclosed planting	A	-0.380	0.541	-0.066	0.335	0.306	0.301
		B	-0.191	-0.660	-0.515	-0.694	0.332	0.420
		C	-0.283	0.609	0.202	0.511	0.435	0.197
		D	-0.283	0.605	0.199	0.506	0.435	0.198
		E	-0.356	0.365	-0.029	0.235	0.737	0.537
	全围网种植 Fully-enclosed planting	A	-0.385	0.540	-0.420	0.160	0.277	0.519
		B	-0.312	0.509	-0.364	0.168	-0.124	0.268
		C	-0.298	0.596	0.169	0.487	0.286	0.136
		D	-0.074	0.422	-0.347	0.111	-0.157	0.201
		E	-0.447	0.491	-0.207	0.234	0.335	0.420
2023-12—2024-02	露地种植 Open-field planting	A	-0.289	-0.700*	-0.584	-0.666	0.863**	-0.001
	半围网种植 Semi-enclosed planting		-0.289	-0.701*	-0.585	-0.667*	0.862**	-0.001
	全围网种植 Fully-enclosed planting		-0.313	-0.649	-0.514	-0.590	0.701	0.114
2024-12—2025-03	露地种植 Open-field planting	A	0.064	-0.744**	0.302	0.074	-0.367	-0.432
		D	0.455	0.297	-0.764**	-0.694*	0.796**	-0.137
		E	0.875**	0.034	-0.794**	-0.826**	0.541	-0.227
		C	-0.091	-0.094	0.270	0.238	-0.417	-0.409
		F	-0.091	-0.658*	0.104	-0.092	-0.252	-0.260
	半围网种植 Semi-enclosed planting	A	-0.276	-0.740**	0.661*	0.452	-0.498	-0.068
		D	-0.108	0.479	-0.507	-0.354	0.774**	-0.025
		E	0.874**	0.040	-0.790**	-0.823**	0.532	-0.276
		C	-0.100	-0.091	0.291	0.259	-0.438	-0.452
		F	-0.100	-0.658*	0.122	-0.077	-0.270	-0.296
	全围网种植 Fully-enclosed planting	A	-0.248	0.206	0.567*	0.621*	0.613*	0.075
		E	-0.165	0.220	0.377	0.446	0.579*	0.396
		C	-0.123	0.572*	0.237	0.441	0.593*	0.238

Table 5

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目 Order	科 Family	常见种类 Common species	未施药豇豆田 Untreated cowpea field	常规施药豇豆田 Chemically managed cowpea field
缨翅目Thysanoptera	蓟马科Thripidae	豆大蓟马M. usitatus	√	√
		花蓟马F. intonsa	√	√
		瓜蓟马Thrips palmi	√	√
		黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis	√	×
半翅目Hemiptera	蚜科Aphididae	豆蚜A. craccivora	√	×
	粉虱科Aleyrodidae	烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci	√	×
	叶蝉科Cicadellidae	茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca pirisuga	√	×
	叶蝉科Cicadellidae	越小绿叶蝉E. flavescens	√	×
鳞翅目Lepidoptera	夜蛾科Noctuidae	甜菜夜蛾S. exigua	√	√
		斜纹夜蛾S. litura	√	√
		银纹夜蛾Argyrogramma agnata	√	√
	螟蛾科Pyralidae	豇豆荚螟M. vitrata	√	√
双翅目Diptera	潜蝇科Agromyzidae	美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae	√	√
双翅目Diptera	潜蝇科Agromyzidae	三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii	√	√
绒螨目Trombidiformes	叶螨科Tetranychidae	二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae	√	√
鞘翅目Coleoptera	叶甲科Coccinellidae	露尾甲C. hemipterus	√	×

种类 Species	蓝板Blue sticky trap		黄板Yellow sticky trap
种类 Species	诱集量（头） Captured number	优势度指数 Dominance index	诱集量（头） Captured number	优势度指数 Dominance index
豆大蓟马M. usitatus	1931.54	0.7430	167.67	0.7478
瓜蓟马T. palmi	295.88	0.1138	20.21	0.0901
花蓟马F. intonsa	346.92	0.1334	23.88	0.1065
黄胸蓟马T. hawaiiensis	25.34	0.0097	12.45	0.0555
总量Total	2599.68	—	224.21	—

目 Order	科 Family	常见害虫种类 Common pest species	种植模式Cropping pattern
目 Order	科 Family	常见害虫种类 Common pest species	露地种植 Open-field planting	半围网种植 Semi-enclosed planting	全围网种植 Fully-enclosed planting
缨翅目Thysanoptera	蓟马科Thripidae	豆大蓟马M. usitatus	√	√	√
		花蓟马F. intonsa	√	√	√
		瓜蓟马T. palmi	√	√	√
		黄胸蓟马T. hawaiiensis	√	√	×
半翅目Hemiptera	粉虱科Aleyrodidae	烟粉虱B. tabaci	√	√	√
鳞翅目Lepidoptera	夜蛾科Noctuidae	甜菜夜蛾S. exigua	√	√	×
鳞翅目Lepidoptera	夜蛾科Noctuidae	斜纹夜蛾S. litura	√	√	×
双翅目Diptera	潜蝇科Agromyzidae	美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae	√	√	×
双翅目Diptera	潜蝇科Agromyzidae	三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii	√	√	×
绒螨目Trombidiformes	叶螨科Tetranychidae	二斑叶螨T. urticae	√	√	√

调查时间 Sampling time	管理模式 Management pattern	害虫种类 Pest species	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6
2020-11—2021-01	未施药 Non-pesticide-treated cowpea	A	-0.124	-0.826**	-0.398	-0.763**	-0.002	-0.642*
		B	-0.263	-0.546	-0.055	-0.443	-0.077	-0.714**
		C	-0.021	-0.717**	-0.397	-0.669	0.194	-0.657*
		D	-0.215	-0.307	-0.475	-0.391	-0.147	-0.052
2020-11—2021-03	常规施药 Conventionally pesticide- treated cowpea	A	-0.234	-0.094	-0.165	-0.106	0.524*	-0.146
2020-11—2021-03	常规施药 Conventionally pesticide- treated cowpea	B	-0.270	0.143	-0.386	-0.061	0.617*	0.040

Investigation on Species Composition and Damage Dynamics of Cowpea Pests in Hainan Winter-Spring Cropping System (2020-2025)

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