Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (14): 3022-3037.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.003

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Establishment of Digital PCR Method for Quantitative Detection of Genetically Modified Soybean WYN341GmC

SONG KeXin1(), ZHANG QianNan1, ZHANG JinYi1, KONG Ying1, LIU Jian1, LAN QingKuo2, WANG Yong2, WU Jiang1(), ZHAO Xin2()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy and Resources Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392
    2 Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381
  • Received:2025-12-30 Accepted:2026-03-26 Online:2026-07-16 Published:2026-07-21
  • Contact: WU Jiang, ZHAO Xin

Abstract:

【Objective】To establish a quantitative detection method with high specificity and sensitivity based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), thereby providing reliable technical support for the precise quantification and safety supervision of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC.【Method】Using the event-specific junction sequence of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC as the target, specific primers and probes were designed, and the reaction system parameters, including primer and probe concentrations, were optimized. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of specificity, sensitivity, linear range, trueness, and precision. During method screening, five criteria were primarily considered: stable dual-channel droplet signals in the two-dimensional amplitude plots, clear separation between positive and negative droplets, minimal rain, a sufficient number of valid droplets, and an observed copy number ratio of WYN341GmC to Lectin close to the theoretical value. During method validation, droplet digital PCR, combined with serial dilution experiments using reference materials, was mainly employed to assess the limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), trueness, and precision of the method.【Result】A duplex ddPCR method for precise quantification was established using the event-specific sequence of WYN341GmC and the soybean endogenous reference gene Lectin as detection targets. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the above screening criteria, the event-specific primer/probe set WYN341LB-QF2/LB-QR1/LB-QP1 and the endogenous reference primer/probe set LectinQF/QR/QP were ultimately selected for subsequent experiments. For the reaction system, the two primer/probe sets were used at the same concentration levels, with a primer concentration of 0.8 μmol·L-1and a probe concentration of 0.4 μmol·L-1, and the annealing/extension temperature was optimized to 58 ℃. Under these ddPCR conditions, the transgene and endogenous reference droplets exhibited clear clustering and stable partitioning, and the method showed good precision. Performance validation demonstrated that the LOD of the method was 8 copies and the LOQ was 17 copies, indicating that the method was suitable for reliable quantification. Within the dynamic range of 17 to 2.08×104 copies, the coefficients of determination (R²) of the regression curves were 1.000 for WYN341GmC and 0.999 for Lectin, demonstrating a strong linear relationship between the theoretical and measured template copy numbers and confirming the suitability of the method for quantitative detection within this range. When applied to blind soybean samples, the method enabled accurate quantification of WYN341GmC content, with the bias in value assignment controlled within 25%.【Conclusion】A duplex ddPCR method for the quantification of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC was established. The detection targets, reaction system, and assay conditions were clearly defined, and the relevant methodological validation was completed. This method can be used on the ddPCR platform for the precise quantification of WYN341GmC event content.

Key words: duplex droplet digital PCR, genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC, accurate quantification, event specificity, method validation

Fig. 1

The genomic integration site of WYN341GmC"

Table 1

Primer and probe information for PCR assays"

靶标
Target
引物/探针
Primer/probe
序列
Sequence (5′-3′)
片段长度
Fragment size (bp)
参考文献
Reference
WYN341GmC转化体
WYN341GmC event
WYN341LB-QF2 AGTAGGAGGCGATACTTGA 109 待发布国家标准*
Forthcoming national standard
WYN341LB-QR1 AAACGTCCGCAATGTGTTATT
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
WYN341LB-QF2 AGTAGGAGGCGATACTTGA 130 自行设计
Self-developed
WYN341_5BD_QR1 GGCGTTAATTCAGTACATTA
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
WYN341LB-QF2 AGTAGGAGGCGATACTTGA 161 自行设计
Self-developed
GM341_5PE_QR1 ACTCCATGCAAGCTTTCTCACTAA
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
GM341LB-F5 TTCTTTGATTAGTAGGAGGCG 119 自行设计
Self-developed
WYN341LB-QR1 AAACGTCCGCAATGTGTTATT
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
GM341LB-F5 TTCTTTGATTAGTAGGAGGCG 140 自行设计
Self-developed
WYN341_5BD_QR1 GGCGTTAATTCAGTACATTA
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
GM341LB-F5 TTCTTTGATTAGTAGGAGGCG 171 自行设计
Self-developed
GM341_5PE_QR1 ACTCCATGCAAGCTTTCTCACTAA
WYN341LB-QP1 FAM-TCATCCCGTAAACAAATTGACGCTTAGACA-BHQ1
WYN341_3BD_QF1 CGCAAACTAGGATAAATTATC 207 自行设计
Self-developed
WYN341-RB-R2 TGCGGCATGCATCTAAGCAA
WYN341_3BD_P1 FAM-CGCGGTGTCATCTATGTTACT-BHQ1
Lectin LectinQF GCCCTCTACTCCACCCCCA 118 [24]
LectinQR GCCCATCTGCAAGCCTTTTT
LectinQP FAM/HEX-AGCTTCGCCGCTTCCTTCAACTTCAC-BHQ1
Lectin1QF CCAGCTTCGCCGCTTCCTTC 74 [25]
Lectin1QR GAAGGCAAGCCCATCTGCAAGCC
Lectin1QP FAM/HEX-CTTCACCTTCTATGCCCCTGACAC-TAMRA
Lectin2QF GCAAATCTCTGGCCTTT 81 [26]
Lectin2QR CTTGCCCGTATTGATGACGTC
Lectin2QP HEX-TTCATGTTCGGCGGTCTCGCG-TAMRA
Lectin3QF GGACAAAGAAACCGGTAGCGT 89 [27]
Lectin3QR GCCCATCTGCAAGCCTTTTT
Lectin3QP HEX-AGCTTCGCCGCTTCCTTCAACTTCAC-TAMRA

Table 2

Test materials of specificity test"

样品 Sample 成分 Composition
阴性对照(NTC) No-template control 非转基因大豆WYN341GmC Non-GMO soybean WYN341GmC
转化体材料 Transformer material 转基因大豆WYN341GmC Transgenic soybean WYN341GmC
转基因大豆混合样品
GM soybean mix
A2704-12, A5547-127, CV127, DAS68416-4, MON88302, MON87705, MON87769, MON89788, GTS40-3-2, SHZD32-1, FG72, 305423, 356043, 73496
转基因玉米混合样品
GM corn mix
Bt11、GA21、NK603、T25、MIR604、MIR162、双抗12-5、C0030.3.5、C0010.3.7、MON87427、MON89034、MON88017、59122、4114、3272
Bt11, GA21, NK603, T25, MIR604, MIR162, Shuangkang 12-5, C0030.3.5, C0010.3.7, MON87427, MON89034, MON88017, 59122, 4114, 3272
转基因棉花混合样品 GM cotton mix LLCOTTON25, GHB614, COT102, MON88913, MON531, MON1445, MON15985
转基因油菜混合样品 GM rape mix Ms1, Ms8, MON88302, oxy235, RF1, RF2, RF3, Topas19/2, T45, 73496
转基因水稻混合样品
GM rice mix
TT51-1、T1C-19、克螟稻、科丰2号、科丰6号、科丰8号、M12、G6H1
TT51-1, T1C-19, Kemingdao, Kefeng 2, Kefeng 6, Kefeng 8, M12, G6H1
非转基因大豆混合样品
Non-GMO soybean mix
中黄13、中黄30、黑农84、合丰55、Williams 82、华春6号、东农50、冀豆17
Zhonghuang 13, Zhonghuang 30, Heinong 84, Hefeng 55, Willians 82, Huachun 6, Dongnong 50, Jidou 17

Fig. 2

One-dimensional (1-D) hot plots of duplex digital PCR primer screening A: Selection of event-specific primer/probe sets. 1: Primer-probe set WYN341LB-QF2/WYN341LB-QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 2: Primer-probe set WYN341LB-QF2/WYN341_5BD_QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 3: Primer-probe set WYN341LB-QF2/GM341_5PE_QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 4: Primer-probe set GM341LB-F5/WYN341LB-QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 5: Primer-probe set GM341LB-F5/WYN341_5BD_QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 6: Primer-probe set GM341LB-F5/GM341_5PE_QR1/WYN341LB-QP1; 7: Primer-probe set WYN341_3BD_QF1/WYN341-RB-R2/WYN341_3BD_P1; B: Selection of endogenous reference primer/probe sets. 1: Primer-probe set LectinQF/QR/QP; 2: Primer-probe set Lectin1QF/1QR/1QP; 3: Primer-probe set Lectin2QF/2QR/2QP; 4: Primer-probe set Lectin3QF/3QR/3QP. The primer/probe combination highlighted by the red box was finally selected"

Fig. 3

Optimization of the primer annealing temperature A: 1-D plots of the WYN341GmC event across an annealing temperature gradient from 52 to 62 ℃; B: 1-D plots of the Lectin reference gene across an annealing temperature gradient from 52 to 62 ℃. 1-6 indicate annealing temperatures of 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, and 62 ℃, respectively. The annealing temperature highlighted by the red box was finally selected"

Fig. 4

Primer/probe concentration optimization A: 1-D plots of the WYN341GmC event for optimization of primer/probe concentration; B: 1-D plots of the Lectin reference gene for optimization of primer/probe concentration. 1-6 indicate primer/probe concentrations of 1.4/0.7, 1.2/0.6, 1.0/0.5, 0.8/0.4, 0.6/0.3, and 0.4/0.2 μmol·L-1, respectively. The primer/probe concentration highlighted by the red box was finally selected"

Fig. 5

Duplex ddPCR 2D amplitude plots under optimized reaction mixture and cycling conditions"

Fig. 6

Specificity test for duplex ddPCR method of WYN341GmC A: 1-D plots of the WYN341GmC event in the specificity assessment; B: 1-D plots of Lectin reference gene in the specificity assessment. 1: CK; 2: NTC; 3: Transgenic soybean WYN341GmC; 4: GM soybean mix; 5: GM corn mix; 6: GM cotton mix; 7: GM rape mix; 8: GM rice mix; 9: Non-GMO soybean mix"

Fig. 7

1-D hot plots of duplex ddPCR for WYN341GmC/Lectin using a serial dilution of DNA A: 1-D plots of the WYN341GmC event in the dynamic range test; B: 1-D plots of Lectin reference gene in the dynamic range test. 1-8 indicate template concentrations of 2.08×104, 4.16×103, 8.32×102, 1.66×102, 33, 17, 8, and 4 copies/μL, respectively"

Table 3

Copy number and ratio of serially diluted DNA"

转化体
Transformer
理论值
Theoretical value (copies/μL)
测量值Measured value (copies/μL) 标准偏差
SD
相对标准偏差
RSD
(%)
偏差
Bias
(%)
重复1
Replicate 1
重复2
Replicate 2
重复3
Replicate 3
重复4
Replicate 4
平均值
Average
WYN341GmC 20800 19983.00 20179.00 20431.00 21382.00 20493.75 619.91 3.02 -1.47
4160 4010.00 4072.00 4106.00 4095.00 4070.75 42.91 1.05 -2.15
832 759.00 774.00 801.00 826.00 790.00 29.63 3.75 -5.05
166 179.00 171.00 168.00 170.00 172.00 4.83 2.81 3.61
33 31.00 34.00 39.00 30.00 33.50 4.04 12.06 1.52
17 17.00 16.00 20.00 19.00 18.00 1.83 10.14 5.88
8 8.20 6.60 12.00 10.00 9.20 2.33 25.29 15.00
4 3.60 4.50 7.10 6.30 5.38 1.61 29.90 34.50
Lectin 20800 19380.00 19881.00 19933.00 20701.00 19973.75 545.19 2.73 -3.97
4160 3932.00 4155.00 4197.00 4221.00 4126.25 132.34 3.21 -0.81
832 764.00 771.00 820.00 863.00 804.50 46.28 5.75 -3.31
166 180.00 175.00 173.00 177.00 176.25 2.99 1.69 5.92
33 32.00 33.00 41.00 32.00 34.50 4.36 12.63 3.67
17 18.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 18.75 1.71 9.11 12.68
8 8.00 7.80 8.90 13.00 9.43 2.43 25.79 13.34
4 4.10 6.00 6.60 4.00 5.18 1.32 25.56 24.52
比值
Ratio
20800 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.02 0.01 0.94 -0.02
4160 1.02 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.02 2.25 -0.01
832 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.02 1.74 -0.02
166 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.01 1.32 -0.02
33 0.97 1.03 0.95 0.94 0.97 0.04 4.15 -0.03
17 0.94 0.94 1.05 0.90 0.96 0.06 6.73 -0.04
8 1.03 0.85 1.35 0.77 1.00 0.26 25.74 0.00
4 0.88 0.75 1.08 1.58 1.07 0.36 33.99 0.07

Fig. 8

The dynamic range of WYN341GmC/Lectin duplex ddPCR"

Table 4

Assessment of measurement-result stability"

质量分数
Mass fraction
重复1
Replicate 1
重复2
Replicate 2
重复3
Replicate 3
重复4
Replicate 4
平均值
Average
标准偏差
SD
相对标准偏差
RSD (%)
偏差
Bias (%)
5%
(2080 copies/μL)
WYN341GmC 2022 2117 2100 2033 2068 47.49 2.30 -0.58
Lectin 41040 41428 41739 40198 41101 666.61 1.62 -1.20
转基因DNA含量
Transgenic DNA content
4.93 5.11 5.03 5.06 5.03 0.08 1.51 0.60
1%
(416 copies/μL)
WYN341GmC 463 442 421 437 441 17.33 3.93 6.01
Lectin 42589 41932 40584 41978 41771 845.94 2.03 0.41
转基因DNA含量
Transgenic DNA content
1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 0.02 2.26 6.00
0.1%
(41.6 copies/μL)
WYN341GmC 39 44 40 37 40 2.94 7.36 -3.85
Lectin 40595 39085 40682 39340 39926 830.62 2.08 -4.02
转基因DNA含量
Transgenic DNA content
0.10 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.01 10.35 -10.00
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