八角和莪术挥发油对小菜蛾杀虫活性成分及其作用机制

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.19.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Elucidating the active components of Illicium verum and Curcuma phaeocaulis essential oils and their effects on enzyme activities of Plutella xylostella to provide a theoretical basis for the development of botanical insecticides against this pest.【Method】Essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, and their contact and stomach toxicities against 3rd-instar larvae of P. xylostella were determined using insect immersion and leaf-dip methods. The chemical compositions of the essential oils exhibiting promising insecticidal activity were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of cinene and zederone on the activities of acetylcholinesterase, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase, carboxylesterase, and catalase in P. xylostella were determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.【Result】The LC₅₀ of I. verum essential oil for contact toxicity against P. xylostella on the 4th day was 54.40 μg·mL^-1, while that of C. phaeocaulis essential oil for stomach toxicity on the 4th day was 71.56 μg·mL^-1. GC-MS analysis revealed that the main components of I. verum essential oil were anethole (85.96%), estragole (6.23%), p-anisaldehyde (3.73%), and cinene (1.19%). The major constituents of C. phaeocaulis essential oil were epicurzerenone (50.64%), germacrone (14.10%), curcumenol (8.22%), furanodienone (3.99%), curzerene (2.27%), eucalyptol (1.99%), zederone (1.94%), β-elemene (1.40%), β-eudesmol (1.06%), and α-caryophyllene (1.02%). The main chemical components of I. verum essential oil, including cinene, estragole, p-anisaldehyde and anethole exhibited contact toxicity against P. xylostella with LC₅₀ values of 57.99, 205.21, 111.76, and 86.48 μg·mL^-1 on the 4th day, respectively. The major chemical constituents of C. phaeocaulis essential oil, including eucalyptol, β-elemene, α-caryophyllene, curzerene, epicurzerenone, β-eudesmol, germacrone, curcumenol, furanodienone, zederone showed stomach toxicity against P. xylostella with LC₅₀ values of 54.48, 350.93, 44.75, 376.45, 497.66, 50.94, 28.58, 7.27, 28.36, and 4.34 μg·mL^-1 on the 4th day, respectively. The stomach toxicity of zederone was stronger than that of the positive control, pyrethrin. With the increase in cinene treatment concentration, the activity of acetylcholinesterase in P. xylostella exhibited an initial inhibition, followed by recovery, subsequent reactivation, and eventual return to baseline levels. Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and carboxylesterase activities demonstrated sustained activation, while catalase activity showed an initial activation, followed by a period with no significant difference compared to the control. Under elevated zederone treatment concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity in P. xylostella displayed initial activation that subsequently normalized to control levels. Both Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and catalase maintained persistent activation throughout the experiment. Carboxylesterase activity showed a triphasic response: initial stimulation, intermediate suppression, and final reactivation.【Conclusion】The compounds demonstrating notable insecticidal activity against P. xylostella in I. verum and C. phaeocaulis essential oils were identified as cinene and zederone, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of I. verum and C. phaeocaulis plant resources, as well as for the control of P. xylostella populations.

Key words: Plutella xylostella, contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, Illicium verum, Curcuma phaeocaulis, cinene, zederone, enzyme

LIU HaoKai, FENG YouNa, LI Jing, LIANG Qian. Insecticidal Active Components and Mechanisms of Essential Oils from Illicium verum and Curcuma phaeocaulis Against Plutella xylostella[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(19): 3905-3918.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 2

Table 5

Stomach toxicity of major chemical components from C. phaeocaulis against P. xylostella"

处理 Treatment	时间 Time (d)	致死中浓度 LC₅₀(μg·mL^-1)	95%置信区间 95%CI (μg·mL^-1)	斜率±标准误 Slope±standard error	卡方 χ²	P值 P value
桉叶油醇 Eucalyptol	1	1553.63	797.67-5671.38	0.67±0.09	19.42	0.111
	2	392.34	273.88-691.57	0.52±0.08	13.00	0.448
	3	98.63	77.58-122.54	0.68±0.08	15.43	0.281
	4	54.48	33.01-76.00	0.74±0.08	23.81	0.033
β-榄香烯 β-elemene	1	2043.45	1073.77-6900.68	1.03±0.11	24.91	0.024
	2	1264.52	616.16-6280.57	0.67±0.09	28.93	0.007
	3	485.05	295.50-1278.52	0.60±0.08	24.38	0.028
	4	350.93	236.07-684.94	0.58±0.08	18.50	1.139
α-石竹烯α-caryophyllene	1	7164.46	2080.49-143392.98	0.38±0.08	8.24	0.827
	2	843.14	386.80-7862.66	0.29±0.08	15.13	0.299
	3	125.00	67.05-233.02	0.28±0.08	10.79	0.629
	4	44.75	21.49-67.93	0.59±0.08	21.58	0.062
莪术烯 Curzerene	1	2085.62	971.97-11233.87	0.96±0.11	34.52	0.001
	2	3101.97	1043.95-61338.01	0.44±0.08	18.35	0.145
	3	725.90	440.05-1780.71	0.48±0.08	13.33	0.423
	4	376.45	248.09-777.43	0.43±0.08	12.09	0.521
表蓬莪术烯酮 Epicurzerenone	1	11791.08	2107.36-12613023.50	0.55±0.10	33.40	0.001
	2	17496.95	3132.00-3664519.09	0.31±0.08	15.38	0.284
	3	1837.08	625.60-78593.01	0.26±0.08	7.35	0.883
	4	497.66	213.01-54204.18	0.20±0.08	8.50	0.810
β-桉叶醇 β-eudesmol	1	778.24	499.21-1633.54	0.80±0.09	20.03	0.094
	2	245.92	184.19-365.84	1.01±0.08	35.51	0.001
	3	109.57	93.12-128.14	0.96±0.08	10.56	0.648
	4	50.94	30.45-71.34	0.68±0.08	19.31	0.114
吉马酮 Germacrone	1	3534.41	1198.69-54711.27	0.35±0.08	14.06	0.370
	2	325.81	207.88-747.88	0.37±0.08	8.08	0.839
	3	55.35	33.22-77.57	0.48±0.08	15.04	0.305
	4	28.58	12.54-45.24	0.61±0.08	18.45	0.141
莪术烯醇 Curcumenol	1	778.48	529.15-1399.86	0.69±0.08	17.21	0.190
	2	335.22	219.27-710.42	0.40±0.08	11.61	0.560
	3	45.29	27.75-62.74	0.55±0.08	11.82	0.543
	4	7.27	1.23-16.67	0.42±0.08	6.47	0.927
莪术呋喃二烯酮 Furanodienone	1	1129.53	634.32-3211.13	0.50±0.08	17.25	0.188
	2	213.19	142.02-397.25	0.36±0.08	14.87	0.316
	3	64.44	45.43-83.83	0.60±0.08	11.93	0.534
	4	28.36	15.38-41.70	0.57±0.08	7.53	0.873
蓬莪术环氧酮 Zederone	1	743.92	485.81-1498.95	0.89±0.09	23.12	0.040
	2	429.96	282.09-898.33	0.70±0.08	25.20	0.022
	3	65.86	33.79-99.39	0.37±0.08	16.52	0.222
	4	4.34	0.05-15.67	0.27±0.08	13.96	0.377
除虫菊脂 Pyrethrin	1	—	—	—	—	—
	2	223.80	119.69-488.71	0.26±0.02	22.53	0.259
	3	59.40	34.22-113.80	0.25±0.02	23.35	0.222
	4	6.65	3.95-11.11	0.32±0.02	27.31	0.098

Table 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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处理 Treatment	时间 Time (d)	致死中浓度LC₅₀(μg·mL^-1)	95%置信区间 95%CI (μg·mL^-1)	斜率±标准误 Slope±standard error	卡方 χ²	P值 P value
八角挥发油I. verum essential oil	1	105.40	78.36-155.13	1.73±0.09	110.81	<0.001
	2	80.03	58.82-114.65	1.60±0.09	106.98	<0.001
	3	61.54	45.18-84.20	1.59±0.09	99.13	<0.001
	4	54.40	39.67-73.50	1.51±0.09	89.20	<0.001
莪术挥发油 C. phaeocaulis essential oil	1	238.93	187.45-304.24	1.45±0.09	50.61	<0.001
	2	101.93	62.24-140.89	1.37±0.09	70.65	<0.001
	3	83.11	46.42-117.97	1.48±0.10	82.51	<0.001
	4	71.56	37.35-103.17	1.63±0.11	93.78	<0.001

序号No.	保留时间Retention time (min)	化合物Compound	相对含量Relative content (%)
1	11.83	双戊烯Cinene	1.19
2	17.33	草蒿脑Estragole	6.23
3	19.06	对茴香醛p-anisaldehyde	3.73
4	19.92	茴香脑Anethole	85.96

序号No.	保留时间Retention time (min)	化合物Compound	相对含量Relative content (%)
1	12.19	桉叶油醇Eucalyptol	1.99
2	23.67	β-榄香烯β-elemene	1.40
3	25.38	α-石竹烯α-caryophyllene	1.02
4	26.50	莪术烯Curzerene	2.27
5	29.31	表蓬莪术烯酮Epicurzerenone	50.64
6	30.41	β-桉叶醇β-eudesmol	1.06
7	31.50	吉马酮Germacrone	14.10
8	32.29	莪术烯醇Curcumenol	8.22
9	33.50	莪术呋喃二烯酮Furanodienone	3.99
10	37.93	蓬莪术环氧酮Zederone	1.94

处理 Treatment	时间 Time (d)	致死中浓度 LC₅₀(μg·mL^-1)	95%置信区间 95%CI (μg·mL^-1)	斜率±标准误 Slope±standard error	卡方 χ²	P值 P value
双戊烯 Cinene	1	327.90	242.44-467.85	1.68±0.09	105.58	<0.001
	2	191.27	143.04-247.74	1.41±0.09	57.78	<0.001
	3	100.40	62.93-137.27	1.25±0.09	53.86	<0.001
	4	57.99	32.74-82.41	1.34±0.10	44.92	<0.001
草蒿脑 Estragole	1	466.68	270.18-1282.34	1.30±0.07	294.48	<0.001
	2	275.69	174.86-505.37	1.14±0.07	179.59	<0.001
	3	226.55	147.44-375.56	1.12±0.06	153.83	<0.001
	4	205.21	134.62-327.93	1.11±0.06	141.53	<0.001
对茴香醛 p-anisaldehyde	1	1364.43	834.64-3333.10	0.63±0.08	18.72	0.132
	2	372.56	290.00-504.92	0.60±0.08	12.07	0.522
	3	178.96	133.53-229.48	0.60±0.08	11.14	0.599
	4	111.76	89.04-134.49	0.94±0.08	9.95	0.698
茴香脑 Anethole	1	171.56	142.25-207.57	2.17±0.09	83.67	<0.001
	2	148.17	119.24-183.64	1.94±0.08	92.87	<0.001
	3	104.80	78.89-135.55	1.79±0.08	118.86	<0.001
	4	86.48	60.34-116.16	1.60±0.08	129.24	<0.001
除虫菊酯Pyrethrin	1	27.52	14.79-55.82	0.37±0.02	51.43	<0.001
	2	5.58	2.97-10.26	0.38±0.02	51.49	<0.001
	3	2.22	1.20-3.85	0.34±0.02	33.96	0.019
	4	1.01	0.44-1.97	0.31±0.02	38.29	0.005

Insecticidal Active Components and Mechanisms of Essential Oils from Illicium verum and Curcuma phaeocaulis Against Plutella xylostella

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