Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (19): 3788-3798.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.007

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Reforming the Cropping System to Achieve Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China

HOU LiangYu1(), ZHANG ZhenTao2(), HUANG ZhaoFu1, LI LuLu1, GUO YaNan1, MING Bo1, XIE RuiZhi1, HOU Peng1, XUE Jun1, WANG KeRu1(), LI ShaoKun1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
    2 College of Environment and Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193
  • Received:2021-11-28 Accepted:2022-01-24 Online:2023-10-01 Published:2023-10-08
  • Contact: WANG KeRu, LI ShaoKun

Abstract:

【Objective】Mechanical grain harvesting is the development direction of maize harvesting technique, however, under a crop rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize, which is hardly to be achieved in China, resulting from insufficient heat resource in limited growing season for maize. So far, the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area is the area where the mechanical grain harvesting for maize is most difficult to be applied and spread all over the world. Thus, a study on the feasibility of corn’s mechanical grain harvesting is considerably significant to the whole-process mechanization, quality, proceeds and industrial competitiveness of corn production in Huang-Huai-Hai area.【Method】 In northern Huang-Huai-Hai area, the dynamic observation for the accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration of 5 maize cultivars with different physiological maturity, including Zhengdan958, Xianyu335, Dika517, Jingnongke728 and Fengken139, were designed in Xiangxiang, Henan province from 2016 to 2017 and then in Beijing, in 2018 respectively. Then, based on the meteorological data from 2007 to 2018, after reserving 500 ℃·d for winter wheat growth, the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area was divided into 7 accumulated temperature zones according to a temperature gradient of 100 ℃, so as to spatially illustrate the heat resource distribution during maize growth season in this area. Hence, the different cultivars’ accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration were mapped under the heat resource distribution in this area. 【Result】 Under the conventional sowing condition of summer maize, each cultivar’s coverage that mechanical grain harvesting could be achieved after physiological maturity, with the advance of maturity, which were gradually extended northwardly, commonly 5-10 d later than the current sowing time for winter wheat in northern Huang-Huai-Hai area. However, the heat resource of accumulated temperature zonesⅠ-Ⅲ (1 900-2 800 ℃·d) were still hardly able to meet the requirements of Jingnongke728 and Fengken139 for a relative earlier physiological maturity than other 3 tested cultivars, not to metion reaching a grain moisture content of 25%. When the double cropping per year (winter wheat-summer maize) was reformed into the triple cropping per 2 years (summer maize-spring maize-winter wheat), the grain moisture content of all the tested cultivars, no matter planted in spring or summer, could reach 25% even less, achieving mechanical grain harvesting. Besides, for early-matured cultivars, by drying in filed and delaying harvesting, their moisture content might reach below 20% before winter wheat’s sowing, thus not only elevating harvesting quality, but also cutting drying costs.【Conclusion】In Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area, the problem, hindering maize production that insufficient heat resource in limited growing season issues in the difficult achievement of mechanical grain harvesting, could be effectively solved by reforming the current cropping system. Meanwhile, it also might provide a new horizon with theoretical foundation for the application of maize mechanical grain harvesting, further improving the quality and efficiency of maize production in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area.

Key words: Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area of China, heat resource, maize, grain moisture content, cropping system, mechanical grain harvesting

Fig. 1

Spatial distribution of heat resource during summer maize growth season in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area (≥0 ℃·d) Map content approval number: GS (2019)1829. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Current sowing time of summer maize in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area"

Fig. 3

Proper sowing time of winter wheat in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area"

Table 1

Tested maize cultivars and their growth periods (Xinxiang, 2016-2017; Beijing, 2018)"

生育期
Growth stage
年份
Year
参试品种Tested cultivar
郑单958
ZD958
先玉335
XY335
迪卡517
DK517
京农科728
JNK728
丰垦139
FK139
播种日期
Sowing date (M-D)
2016 06-04 06-04 06-04 06-04 06-04
2017 06-18 06-18 06-18 06-18
2018 05-15 05-15 05-15 05-15 05-15
吐丝日期
Silking date (M-D)
2016 07-31 07-30 07-28 07-26 07-23
2017 08-10 08-08 08-05 08-07
2018 07-12 07-10 07-10 07-10 07-05
黑层出现日期
Black-layer appearing date (M-D)
2016 09-28 09-26 09-21 09-12 09-05
2017 10-26 10-15 10-14 10-01
2018 09-11 09-03 09-03 08-30 08-26
25%籽粒含水率达到日期
Date when 25% grain moisture reached (M-D)
2016 10-13 10-07 09-25 09-17 09-16
2017 11-06 10-24 10-18 10-19
2018 09-24 09-13 09-08 09-03 09-05
20%籽粒含水率达到日期
Date when 20% grain moisture reached (M-D)
2016 10-25 10-13 10-02 09-25 09-23
2017 11-13 10-29 10-27 10-30
2018 10-05 09-16 09-13 09-11 09-09

Table 2

Accumulated temprature requirments for grain dehydration of tested cultivars (≥0 ℃·d)"

生育阶段
Growth stage
年份
Year
参试品种Tested cultivar
郑单958
ZD958
先玉335
XY335
迪卡517
DK517
京农科728
JNK728
丰垦139
FK139
播种-生理成熟
Sowing-physiological maturity (℃·d)
2016 3130.7 3090.8 2922.2 2766.7 2685.3
2017 3235.9 3069.4 2975.8 2856.8
2018 3205.5 3015.8 3015.8 2916.3 2809.9
均值 Mean (℃·d) 3190.7 3058.7 2971.3 2846.6 2747.6
播种-25%籽粒含水率
Sowing-25% grain moisture (℃·d)
2016 3367.6 3157.5 2977.3 2818.4 2765.6
2017 3459.5 3185.6 3058.6 3014.9
2018 3479.7 3251.3 3138.8 3015.3 3067.5
均值 Mean (℃·d) 3435.6 3198.1 3058.2 2949.5 2916.55
播种-20%籽粒含水率
Sowing-20% grain moisture (℃·d)
2016 3608.9 3312.5 3170.7 3046.3 3014.7
2017 3899.9 3318.8 3353.7 3301.5
2018 3675.4 3545.7 3251.2 3205.3 3160.7
均值 Mean (℃·d) 3728.1 3392.3 3258.5 3184.4 3087.7

Fig. 4

Tested cultivars’ proper period for mechanical grain harvesting since the current sowing date of summer maize in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area (25% grain moisture)"

Fig. 5

The latest sowing date enabling to reach 25% grain moisture of tested cultivars planted as spring maize in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area"

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