通过种植制度改革实现黄淮海北部地区玉米机械籽粒直收

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Mechanical grain harvesting is the development direction of maize harvesting technique, however, under a crop rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize, which is hardly to be achieved in China, resulting from insufficient heat resource in limited growing season for maize. So far, the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area is the area where the mechanical grain harvesting for maize is most difficult to be applied and spread all over the world. Thus, a study on the feasibility of corn’s mechanical grain harvesting is considerably significant to the whole-process mechanization, quality, proceeds and industrial competitiveness of corn production in Huang-Huai-Hai area.【Method】 In northern Huang-Huai-Hai area, the dynamic observation for the accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration of 5 maize cultivars with different physiological maturity, including Zhengdan958, Xianyu335, Dika517, Jingnongke728 and Fengken139, were designed in Xiangxiang, Henan province from 2016 to 2017 and then in Beijing, in 2018 respectively. Then, based on the meteorological data from 2007 to 2018, after reserving 500 ℃·d for winter wheat growth, the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area was divided into 7 accumulated temperature zones according to a temperature gradient of 100 ℃, so as to spatially illustrate the heat resource distribution during maize growth season in this area. Hence, the different cultivars’ accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration were mapped under the heat resource distribution in this area. 【Result】 Under the conventional sowing condition of summer maize, each cultivar’s coverage that mechanical grain harvesting could be achieved after physiological maturity, with the advance of maturity, which were gradually extended northwardly, commonly 5-10 d later than the current sowing time for winter wheat in northern Huang-Huai-Hai area. However, the heat resource of accumulated temperature zonesⅠ-Ⅲ (1 900-2 800 ℃·d) were still hardly able to meet the requirements of Jingnongke728 and Fengken139 for a relative earlier physiological maturity than other 3 tested cultivars, not to metion reaching a grain moisture content of 25%. When the double cropping per year (winter wheat-summer maize) was reformed into the triple cropping per 2 years (summer maize-spring maize-winter wheat), the grain moisture content of all the tested cultivars, no matter planted in spring or summer, could reach 25% even less, achieving mechanical grain harvesting. Besides, for early-matured cultivars, by drying in filed and delaying harvesting, their moisture content might reach below 20% before winter wheat’s sowing, thus not only elevating harvesting quality, but also cutting drying costs.【Conclusion】In Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area, the problem, hindering maize production that insufficient heat resource in limited growing season issues in the difficult achievement of mechanical grain harvesting, could be effectively solved by reforming the current cropping system. Meanwhile, it also might provide a new horizon with theoretical foundation for the application of maize mechanical grain harvesting, further improving the quality and efficiency of maize production in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area.

Key words: Northern Huang-Huai-Hai area of China, heat resource, maize, grain moisture content, cropping system, mechanical grain harvesting

HOU LiangYu, ZHANG ZhenTao, HUANG ZhaoFu, LI LuLu, GUO YaNan, MING Bo, XIE RuiZhi, HOU Peng, XUE Jun, WANG KeRu, LI ShaoKun. Reforming the Cropping System to Achieve Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(19): 3788-3798.

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生育期 Growth stage	年份 Year	参试品种Tested cultivar
生育期 Growth stage	年份 Year	郑单958 ZD958	先玉335 XY335	迪卡517 DK517	京农科728 JNK728	丰垦139 FK139
播种日期 Sowing date (M-D)	2016	06-04	06-04	06-04	06-04	06-04
	2017	06-18	06-18	06-18	06-18	—
	2018	05-15	05-15	05-15	05-15	05-15
吐丝日期 Silking date (M-D)	2016	07-31	07-30	07-28	07-26	07-23
	2017	08-10	08-08	08-05	08-07	—
	2018	07-12	07-10	07-10	07-10	07-05
黑层出现日期 Black-layer appearing date (M-D)	2016	09-28	09-26	09-21	09-12	09-05
	2017	10-26	10-15	10-14	10-01	—
	2018	09-11	09-03	09-03	08-30	08-26
25%籽粒含水率达到日期 Date when 25% grain moisture reached (M-D)	2016	10-13	10-07	09-25	09-17	09-16
	2017	11-06	10-24	10-18	10-19	—
	2018	09-24	09-13	09-08	09-03	09-05
20%籽粒含水率达到日期 Date when 20% grain moisture reached (M-D)	2016	10-25	10-13	10-02	09-25	09-23
	2017	11-13	10-29	10-27	10-30	—
	2018	10-05	09-16	09-13	09-11	09-09

生育阶段 Growth stage	年份 Year	参试品种Tested cultivar
生育阶段 Growth stage	年份 Year	郑单958 ZD958	先玉335 XY335	迪卡517 DK517	京农科728 JNK728	丰垦139 FK139
播种-生理成熟 Sowing-physiological maturity (℃·d)	2016	3130.7	3090.8	2922.2	2766.7	2685.3
	2017	3235.9	3069.4	2975.8	2856.8	—
	2018	3205.5	3015.8	3015.8	2916.3	2809.9
均值 Mean (℃·d)		3190.7	3058.7	2971.3	2846.6	2747.6
播种-25%籽粒含水率 Sowing-25% grain moisture (℃·d)	2016	3367.6	3157.5	2977.3	2818.4	2765.6
	2017	3459.5	3185.6	3058.6	3014.9	—
	2018	3479.7	3251.3	3138.8	3015.3	3067.5
均值 Mean (℃·d)		3435.6	3198.1	3058.2	2949.5	2916.55
播种-20%籽粒含水率 Sowing-20% grain moisture (℃·d)	2016	3608.9	3312.5	3170.7	3046.3	3014.7
	2017	3899.9	3318.8	3353.7	3301.5	—
	2018	3675.4	3545.7	3251.2	3205.3	3160.7
均值 Mean (℃·d)		3728.1	3392.3	3258.5	3184.4	3087.7

Reforming the Cropping System to Achieve Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China

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