Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4349-4357.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.013

• SPECIAL FOCUS: NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: RESEARCH PARADIGMS AND CHINESE PRACTICES FOR GREEN AGRICULTURAL TRANSITION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Key Technologies and Models of Straw Comprehensive Utilization: Grain-Mushroom Rotation in Designated Zones as a Nature-Based Solution

KONG WeiLi1(), WANG LiJie2(), ZHENG JingKang1, GAO Fang3, LI Tao1, ZHANG KeKe1, ZHANG YuTing1   

  1. 1 Institute of Edible Mushroom Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002
    2 Department of Economics and Management, Beijing City College, Beijing 101309
    3 Center for Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125
  • Received:2025-08-27 Accepted:2025-10-29 Online:2026-10-01 Published:2026-10-10
  • Contact: WANG LiJie

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Abstract:

With the continuous growth of the global population and the expanding demand for food, agricultural production has expanded substantially in scale, and straw, as the output of its by-product, has also risen accordingly. However, the underutilization of straw resources has led to serious problems, such as air pollution and the unsustainability of farmland ecosystems. To address these challenges, the grain-mushroom designated zones rotation technology provides an eco-friendly, economically efficient, and sustainable new model for the comprehensive utilization of straw, which is based on the concept of nature-based solutions (NbS). This study firstly defined the grain-mushroom designated zones rotation technology as the rotational cultivation of grains and Stropharia rugosoannulata within a designated unit, alternating between different plots over the years. Then, a comparative analysis was conducted between this model and other major straw utilization pathways, including straw fertilization, energy conversion, feed processing, substrate production, and raw material utilization. Furthermore, the study examined how this technology embodied key NbS principles from the perspectives of natural system integrity, multi-scale matching, economic feasibility, and responding to social challenges, such as food security and agricultural pollution, it also systematically evaluated the multiple co-benefits like ecological and economic performance based on empirical data obtained from practical applications in parts of China and relevant literature. The grain-mushroom designated zones rotation technology effectively integrated grain production and mushroom cultivation across both temporal and spatial dimensions, thereby overcoming the limitations of other straw utilization models. It achieved the synergistic development of ecological, economic, and social benefits, aligning well with the fundamental principles of NbS. At present, the grain-mushroom designated zones rotation technology still faced gaps in satisfying NbS standards, especially in terms of governance frameworks, monitoring and evaluation, and large-scale implementation. To close the existing gaps, this paper proposes the following practical recommendations: (1) The government should introduce targeted policies to support the promotion and application of this technology; (2) At the county, township, and village levels, a multi-stakeholder co-governance platform should be established, comprising “government + enterprises + cooperatives + farmers + research institutions”, to ensure farmers’ rights to information, participation, and decision-making in model selection and benefit distribution; (3) In collaboration with research institutes, a quantifiable and operational evaluation system should be developed around the three dimensions of ecological, economic, and social benefits, supported by scientific, reliable, and continuous data. This would enable the grain-mushroom designated zones rotation technology to evolve into a mature, replicable, and scalable paradigm consistent with international NbS standards.

Key words: nature-based solutions, grain-mushroom rotation technology in designated zones, farmland ecosystems, Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation and management techniques, comprehensive straw utilization

Table 1

Corn-Stropharia rugosoannulata (SR)-Corn-Wheat designated zones rotation model"

第1年 1st year 第2年 2nd year 第3年 3rd year 第4年 4th year 第5年 5th year
第1块Plot 1 玉米-大球盖菇Corn-SR 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat
第2块Plot 2 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-大球盖菇Corn-SR 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat
第3块Plot 3 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-大球盖菇Corn-SR 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat
第4块Plot 4 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-大球盖菇Corn-SR 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat
第5块Plot 5 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-小麦Corn-Wheat 玉米-大球盖菇Corn-SR

Table 2

Comparison of different straw resource utilization models"

模式
Mode		 定义
Definition		 关键技术
Key technology		 局限性
Limitation
秸秆肥料化
Straw fertilization utilization		 将秸秆通过还田形成土壤有机肥料
Return straw to the field to form organic soil fertilizer		 粉碎覆盖还田；过腹还田、碳化还田[13]
Crushed coverage returns; Animal-digestion based return, carbonization return[13]		 农田土壤酸化，引发作物病虫害
Farmland soil acidification induces crop diseases and pests
秸秆饲料化
Straw feed utilization		 将秸秆加工转化为牲畜饲料
Process straw into livestock feed		 物理、生物等处理，如乳酸菌[14-15]及白腐真菌降解[16-18]
Physical and biological treatment, such as degradation by lactic acid bacteria and white- rot fungi[16-18]		 技术性障碍、效益低、推广应用受限
Technical barriers, low efficiency, and limited promotion and application
秸秆能源化
Straw energy utilization		 将秸秆转化为清洁能源
Convert straw into clean energy		 物理转换、化学转换[19-22]，秸秆热裂解过程[23]
Physical and chemical conversion processes[19-22], such as straw pyrolysis[23]		 产量低、能耗高、效益低，耕地有机质少
Low yield, high energy consumption, low profitability, and low soil organic matter
秸秆原料化
Straw-based raw material utilization		 将秸秆分解为工业产品原料
Decompose straw into industrial raw materials		 物理化学协同处理，生物酶处理，如草酸＋超声波处理等[24]、中性纤维素酶[25]
Physicochemical synergy treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, such as oxalic acid combined with ultrasound[24], neutral cellulase[25]		 效益低、关键技术不成熟，某些产品会带来环境问题等
Low profitability, immature key technologies, and potential environmental issues associated with some products
秸秆基料化
Straw-based substrate utilization		 将秸秆作为食用菌栽培基料
Use straw as substrate for mushroom cultivation		 基质压块成型工艺，单因素法，发酵技术
Substrate briquetting, single-factor optimization, fermentation technology		 产量低、品质差和效益低等，秸秆育秧基质等技术不成熟
Low output, poor quality, low profitability; and immature straw substrate technology

Table 3

Effect of the grain-mushroom rotation model on the improvement of arable land soil quality"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g·kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter (g·kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg·kg-1)
2024 小麦-玉米组 Wheat-Corn rotation 0.86c 15.74c 11.60c 102.71c
一年菇 Mushroom cultivated for one year 1.30b 20.41b 22.32b 157.31b
隔年菇 Mushroom cultivated every other year 1.34b 21.60a 28.06a 143.71b
连续两年菇
Mushroom cultivated for two consecutive years		 1.46a 24.09a 39.90a 216.51a
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