Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4374-4390.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.015

• SPECIAL FOCUS: NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: RESEARCH PARADIGMS AND CHINESE PRACTICES FOR GREEN AGRICULTURAL TRANSITION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Exploring Research Paradigms for Agricultural Heritage from the Perspective of Nature-Based Solutions

XIAO YunZe1,2(), ZHANG Yu3, CHENG Gong4(), LIAN ZiRou1, ZHOU HouXi5()   

  1. 1 School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
    2 Research Center for Public Opinions of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310023, China
    3 Institute for Minorities Studies in Southwest Border Region, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
    4 U.S.-Asia Partnerships for Environmental Law, Vermont Law School, South Royalton, VT 05068, USA
    5 Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2025-08-27 Accepted:2025-12-31 Online:2026-10-01 Published:2026-10-10
  • Contact: CHENG Gong, ZHOU HouXi

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Abstract:

【Background】Agricultural heritage systems are agroecosystems and knowledge systems co-evolved by humans and nature. At a time when global food systems are being challenged by climate change, land degradation, and declining ecosystem service functions, their multifunctional values have attracted growing attention as a key resource for safeguarding food security and advancing sustainable agricultural development. Since 2023, China’s No. 1 Central Documents have incorporated the “conservation and utilization of agricultural cultural heritage” into the national strategy, laying a policy foundation for its institutionalized development. Meanwhile, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has rapidly promoted the concept of nature-based solutions (NbS) in the fields of agriculture and ecological governance, emphasizing the use of ecosystem processes to address societal challenges.【Objective】Using NbS as an analytical framework could enable a deeper, more systematic, and more comprehensive examination of agricultural heritage systems, help establish an interdisciplinary research paradigm, and provide an internationally applicable indicator system for the conservation, monitoring, management, evaluation, utilization, and research of agricultural heritage systems.【Method】Employing conceptual comparative analysis, this paper proposes that agricultural heritage systems constitute a prototypical form of NbS and could effectively address challenges, such as food security, ecosystem degradation, and rural social vulnerability. Drawing on the eight criteria and 28 indicators of the IUCN Global Standard for NbS, an indicator-based evaluation method was applied to conduct a systematic empirical analysis of representative cases selected from Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and from China’s list of Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage.【Result】Within each category of the eight NbS criteria, three GIAHS cases and three Chinese cases were selected, aiming to cover a wider range of regions, more diverse ecosystems, and more heterogeneous livelihood types, for a total of 16 GIAHS cases and 18 Chinese cases. These cases substantiated all relevant components of the 28 indicators, demonstrating that agricultural heritage systems align closely with the NbS Standard in terms of ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, farmland governance, climate resilience, community participation, and related dimensions. The NbS indicator system also proved feasible for the evaluation and policy planning of agricultural heritage systems.【Conclusion】In terms of conceptual structure, value objectives, and system attributes, agricultural heritage systems exhibited a high degree of congruence with NbS; agricultural heritage systems could be regarded as a subset of NbS. Accordingly, NbS principles, criteria, and indicators could be adopted to analyze and discuss agricultural heritage systems, providing a globally applicable analytical framework for their conservation, monitoring, management, utilization, and evaluation. This study offers a research paradigm and an empirical pathway for integrating agricultural heritage systems into the global NbS policy architecture and for promoting green transformation in agriculture.

Key words: agricultural heritage, nature-based solutions (NbS), Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), sustainable agriculture, ecosystem services

Fig. 1

Diagram of the structural relationships among the eight core criteria of the global standard for NbS (© 2020 IUCN, adapted by the author)[14]"

Table 1

Three specific indicators for nature-based solutions to effectively address human societal challenges"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-1.1 优先考虑权利持有者和受益者最迫切的社会挑战
Prioritize the most pressing societal challenges faced by rights-holders and beneficiaries		 伊朗喀山坎儿井灌溉系统
Qanat irrigated agricultural heritage systems, Kashan,
Iran		 云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统
Honghe Hani Rice Terraces system
C-1.2 清楚地理解和记录所应对的社会挑战
Clearly identify, understand, and document the societal challenges being addressed		 伊朗喀山坎儿井灌溉系统；日本能登半岛里山-里海 系统
Qanat irrigated agricultural heritage systems, Kashan, Iran; Noto’s Satoyama and Satoumi, Japan		 湖南新化紫鹊界梯田
Xinhua Ziquejie Terraces
C-1.3 识别、设立基准并定期评估NbS所产生的人类福祉
Identify and establish baselines and regularly assess the human well-being outcomes generated by the NbS		 日本能登半岛里山-里海系统；葡萄牙巴罗索农林牧
业系统
Noto’s Satoyama and Satoumi, Japan; Barroso Agro- Sylvo-Pastoral system, Portugal		 内蒙古敖汉旱作农业系统
Aohan dryland farming system

Table 2

Three specific indicators for designing nature-based solutions at the ecosystem scale"

指标Indicator 国际案例International cases 中国案例Chinese case
C-2.1 NbS的设计应认识到经济、社会和生态系统之间的相互作用并做出响应
The design of NbS should recognize and respond to interactions among economic, social, and ecological systems		 菲律宾伊富高水稻梯田
Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines		 浙江仙居古杨梅群复合种养系统
Xianju Ancient Chinese Waxberry composite system in Zhejiang Province
C-2.2 NbS应与其他相关措施互补，并联合不同部门产生协同作用
The design of NbS should be complementary to other relevant measures and generate cross-sectoral synergies		 意大利索阿韦传统葡萄园
Soave traditional vineyards, Italy		 福建福鼎白茶文化系统
Fuding White tea culture system in Fujian Province
C-2.3 NbS的设计应纳入干预场地以外区域的风险识别和风险管理
The design of NbS should incorporate risk identification and management for areas beyond the intervention site		 摩洛哥菲吉格农牧一体古老绿洲系统
The ksour of Figuig: Oasis and pastoral culture around the social management of water and land, Morocco		 浙江吴兴溇港圩田农业系统
Wuxing Lougang Weir field agriculture system

Table 3

Four specific indicators for nature-based solutions to achieve biodiversity net gain and ecosystem integrity"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-3.1 NbS行动必须基于生态现状和退化驱动力的评估
NbS actions must be based on an assessment of current ecological conditions and the drivers of degradation		 摩洛哥的阿尔甘林业农业系统
Argan-based agro-sylvo-pastoral system within the area of Ait Souab-Ait Mansour, Morocco		 贵州从江侗乡稻鱼鸭复合系统
Congjiang Dong’s rice-fish-duck system
C-3.2 建立生物多样性保护的可测量目标与阶段性评估
机制
Establish measurable biodiversity conservation targets and mechanisms for periodic evaluation		 摩洛哥的阿尔甘林业农业系统；日本新潟县佐渡岛朱鹮共生系统
Argan-based agro-sylvo-pastoral system within the area of Ait Souab-Ait Mansour, Morocco; Sado’s Satoyama in Harmony with the Japanese Crested Ibis, Japan		 贵州从江侗乡稻鱼鸭复合系统；浙江青田稻鱼共生系统
Congjiang Dong’s rice-fish-duck system; Qingtian rice-fish culture system
C-3.3 监测潜在负面影响
Monitor potential adverse impacts		 日本新潟县佐渡岛朱鹮共生系统
Sado’s Satoyama in Harmony with the Japanese Crested Ibis, Japan		 江苏兴化垛田传统农业系统
Xinghua Duotian agrosystem
C-3.4 提升生态连通性并整合相关策略
Enhance ecological connectivity and integrate relevant strategies		 韩国济州岛石垣农业系统
Jeju Batdam Agricultural system, Republic of Korea		 浙江青田稻鱼共生系统；江苏兴化垛田传统农业系统
Qingtian rice-fish culture system; Xinghua Duotian agrosystem

Table 4

Four specific indicators for nature-based solutions to ensure economic feasibility and adaptability"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-4.1 确认和记录NbS项目的直接与间接成本及受益群体
Identify and document the direct and indirect costs of NbS projects and their beneficiary groups		 墨西哥奇南帕浮园农业系统
Chinampas agricultural system in Mexico City, Mexico		 浙江缙云茭白-麻鸭共生系统
Jinyun water bamboo-duck symbiosis system
C-4.2 采用成本-效益研究支撑决策，并分析政策与补贴影响
Use cost-benefit analyses to support decision-making and assess the impacts of relevant policies and subsidies		 墨西哥奇南帕浮园农业系统；日本静冈茶草场系统
Chinampas agricultural system in Mexico City, Mexico; traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka, Japan		 浙江云和梯田农业系统
Yunhe Rice Terraces system
C-4.3 评估方案的外部性与可比替代方案
Evaluate the project’s externalities and comparable alternative options		 西班牙莱昂山脉农林牧复合系统
Agro-Silvo-Pastoral system Mountains of León, Spain		 浙江云和梯田农业系统
Yunhe Rice Terraces system
C-4.4 多元化融资机制确保资金合规使用
Employ diversified financing mechanisms to ensure the compliant use of funds		 日本静冈茶草场系统；西班牙莱昂山脉农林牧复合系统
Traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka, Japan; Agro-Silvo-Pastoral system Mountains of León, Spain		 湖南安化黑茶文化系统
Hunan Anhua Dark tea cultural system

Table 5

Five specific indicators for nature-based solutions to ensure inclusive, transparent, and empowering governance processes"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-5.1 所有利益相关方需就反馈与申诉机制达成共识
Ensure consensus among all stakeholders on feedback and grievance mechanisms		 菲律宾伊富高水稻梯田系统
Ifugao rice terraces, Philippines		 贵州从江侗乡稻鱼鸭系统
Congjiang Dong’s rice-fish-duck system
C-5.2 保障广泛而平等的参与，特别重视弱势群体与原住民的知情同意权
Guarantee broad and equitable participation, with particular emphasis on the right to informed consent of vulnerable
groups and indigenous peoples		 墨西哥奇南帕浮园农业系统
Chinampas agricultural system in Mexico City, Mexico		 河北涉县王金庄旱作石堰梯田系统
Shexian dryland stone terraced system
C-5.3 明确识别所有直接和间接受影响群体，并全程参与决策
Clearly identify all directly and indirectly affected groups,
and engage them throughout the decisionmaking process		 墨西哥奇南帕浮园农业系统
Chinampas agricultural system in Mexico City, Mexico		 贵州从江侗乡稻鱼鸭系统
Congjiang Dong’s rice-fish-duck system
C-5.4 记录决策路径并回应各方诉求
Document decisionmaking pathways and respond to stakeholders’ concerns		 菲律宾伊富高水稻梯田系统
Ifugao rice terraces, Philippines		 河北涉县王金庄旱作石堰梯田系统
Shexian dryland stone terraced system
C-5.5 跨区域治理中应建立联合决策机制
Establish joint decisionmaking mechanisms in cross-regional governance		 意大利阿西西与斯波莱托之间的山坡橄榄园
Olive Groves of the slopes between Assisi and Spoleto, Italy		 内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁草原游牧系统
Ar Horqin Grassland Nomadic system in Inner Mongolia

Table 6

Three specific indicators for equitable trade-offs between primary objectives and multiple co-benefits in nature-based solutions"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-6.1 明确NbS方案中的权衡与潜在外部性影响，并设定保障与补救机制
Clarify the trade-offs and potential externality impacts within the NbS intervention and establish appropriate safeguards and remediation mechanisms		 秘鲁安第斯高原农业系统
Andean agriculture, Peru		 浙江青田稻鱼共生系统
Qingtian rice-fish culture system
C-6.2 尊重利益相关方的自然资源权利
Respect stakeholders’ rights to natural resources		 伊朗喀山坎儿井灌溉系统
Qanat irrigated agricultural heritage systems, Kashan, Iran		 湖南安化黑茶文化系统
Hunan Anhua Dark tea cultural system
C-6.3 定期回顾保障机制，避免权衡失衡引发生态或社会损害
Periodically review and update safeguards to prevent imbalanced trade-offs from causing ecological or social harm		 突尼斯加夫萨绿洲农业系统
Gafsa Oases, Tunisia		 广西龙胜梯田
Longsheng Longji Terraces

Table 7

Three specific indicators for evidence-based adaptive management in nature-based solutions"

指标Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-7.1 制定NbS干预策略并开展监测与评估
Develop NbS intervention strategies and implement monitoring and evaluation		 日本能登半岛里山-里海系统；韩国花开传统河东茶农业系统
Noto’s Satoyama and Satoumi, Japan; Traditional Hadong tea agrosystem in Hwagae-myeon, Republic of Korea		 云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统
Honghe Hani Rice Terraces system
C-7.2 建立全过程的评估机制并跟踪调整实施路径
Establish end-to-end evaluation mechanisms and track adjustments to the implementation pathway		 日本能登半岛里山-里海系统；摩洛哥阿尔甘林业农业系统
Noto’s Satoyama and Satoumi, Japan; Argan-based agro- sylvo-pastoral system within the area of Ait Souab-Ait Mansour, Morocco		 福建安溪铁观音茶文化系统
Anxi Tieguanyin tea culture system
C-7.3 构建迭代学习框架，使实施方案在实践中不断优化
Construct an iterative learning framework to continuously refine and optimize the NbS in practice		 摩洛哥阿尔甘林业农业系统；韩国花开传统河东茶农业系统
Argan-based agro-sylvo-pastoral system within the area of Ait Souab-Ait Mansour, Morocco; Traditional Hadong tea agro-system in Hwagae myeon, Republic of Korea		 湖南新化紫鹊界梯田
Xinhua Ziquejie Terraces

Table 8

Three specific indicators for nature-based solutions to ensure sustainability and mainstreaming within appropriate jurisdictions"

指标 Indicator 国际案例International case 中国案例Chinese case
C-8.1 总结与分享实施过程的经验教训
Summarize and disseminate lessons learned from the implementation process		 韩国花开传统河东茶农业系统；秘鲁安第斯高山农业系统
Traditional Hadong Tea Agro-system in Hwagae myeon, Republic of Korea; Andean agriculture, Peru		 浙江湖州桑基鱼塘系统
Zhejiang Huzhou mulberry-dyke & Fish-pond system
C-8.2 倡导并嵌入有利于NbS落地的政策与制度
Advocate for and embed policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the uptake of NbS		 日本新潟县佐渡岛朱鹮共生系统；韩国花开传统河东茶农业系统
Sado’s Satoyama in Harmony with the Japanese Crested Ibis, Japan; Traditional Hadong tea Agro- system in Hwagae myeon, Republic of Korea		 绍兴会稽山古香榧群；河北涉县王金庄旱作石堰梯田系统
Kuaijishan ancient Chinese torreya; Shexian dryland stone terraced system
C-8.3 协同实现全球与国家层面在人类福祉、生物多样性、气候韧性与人权保障等方面的目标
Collaborate to align and advance global- and national-level objectives for human wellbeing, biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and human rights		 日本新潟县佐渡岛朱鹮共生系统；秘鲁安第斯高山农业系统
Sado’s Satoyama in Harmony with the Japanese Crested Ibis, Japan; Andean agriculture, Peru		 浙江湖州桑基鱼塘系统；河北涉县王金庄旱作石堰梯田系统
Zhejiang Huzhou mulberry-dyke & fish-pond system; Shexian dryland stone terraced system
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