Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (20): 4007-4021.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.007

• SPECIAL FOCUS: OCCURRENCE AND CONTROL OF MIGRATORY PESTS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Toll Receptor Gene Families in Three Species of Rice Planthoppers

ZHONG ZiChun(), WU HongXin, ZHANG Jie, GUO YuJing, HE LiuYan, XU XiaoXia, JIN FengLiang, PANG Rui()   

  1. College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangzhou 510642
  • Received:2024-06-22 Accepted:2024-07-20 Online:2024-10-16 Published:2024-10-24
  • Contact: PANG Rui

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Abstract:

【Objective】The Toll receptor is one of the key effector factors in the Toll signaling pathway of the innate immune system in insects. This article aims to identify the Toll receptor genes of three types of rice planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus), explore the potential functions of the Toll receptor in these three species, and investigate the interspecies differences, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the immune development of rice planthoppers and for the control and prevention of these pests.【Method】Bioinformatics methods were used to identify Toll receptor genes from the genomes of three species of rice planthoppers, and the gene structure and characteristics, physicochemical properties and structural domains of the encoded proteins, chromosome localization and phylogenetic evolutionary relationships were analyzed. Artificial intelligence software AlphaFold 3 was used to predict the three-dimensional structure of Toll receptors and compare it with the known structures and functions of Toll receptors from other species to predict their potential functions and interspecific functional differentiation. Transcriptome data were used to quantitatively analyze the expressions of Toll receptor genes in different tissues and at different developmental stages.【Result】A total of 6, 7, and 6 Toll receptor genes were identified in the genomes of N. lugens, S. furcifera, and L. striatellus, respectively, all of which are distributed on chromosomes 1, 4, and 7, with a clear distribution pattern. The Toll gene family in the three species of rice planthoppers is distributed with one gene on chromosomes 1 and 4, and the rest on chromosome 7. The coding sequence lengths of the Toll receptor genes in the three species of rice planthoppers range from 2 676 to 4 158 bp, with the number of exons ranging from 1 to 7, and the encoded protein sequence lengths range from 891 to 1 385 aa, with molecular weights ranging from 103.31 to 158.25 kDa and theoretical isoelectric points ranging from 5.42 to 6.54. Phylogenetic development analysis showed that the Toll receptor gene family of the three species of rice planthoppers can be divided into six subfamilies, which are homologous to the Toll, Toll6, Toll7, Tollo (Toll8), and Toll9 of other insects. The comparison analysis of the extracellular structures predicted by AlphaFold 3 with those of Toll receptors from other species showed that two Toll receptors in the Toll receptor gene family of S. furcifera were potentially related to virus interactions, one in the Toll receptor gene family of L. striatellus, and none in the Toll receptor gene family of N. lugens. Transcriptome quantitative results showed that the Toll receptor genes in the three species of rice planthoppers were expressed in different tissues and at different developmental stages, suggesting that they may have different functions and participate in different divisions of labor.【Conclusion】A total of 19 Toll receptor genes were identified in three species of rice planthoppers, and their related structures and functions were analyzed and predicted. The study revealed potential differences in the roles played by Toll receptors in the development and immune response, particularly in virus immunity, within the insect body among these three species of rice planthoppers.

Key words: rice planthopper, Toll receptor, immune development, gene family identification

Table 1

Identification and characteristics of Toll gene receptor family members in the three rice planthoppers"

基因名
Gene name		 基因组id
Genome identifier		 染色体位置Locus CDS长度
CDS length (bp)		 外显子数目
Exon count		 正负链
位置
Strand		 氨基酸数量
Amino acid count		 分子量
Molecular weight (kDa)		 等电点
Isoelectric point		 不稳定系数
Instability index
染色体
Chromosome		 起始位置
<BOLD>S</BOLD>tarting		 终止位置
<BOLD>E</BOLD>nding
NlToll1 LOC111055850 Chr1 79753369 79822973 3351 6 + 1116 126.70 5.75 39.62
NlToll2 LOC111062857 Chr4 53973743 53997406 2676 7 + 891 103.31 5.91 38.10
NlToll3 LOC111049148 Chr7 43423988 43538904 3909 2 - 1302 150.69 6.03 47.58
NlToll4 LOC111064393 Chr7 49257891 49263068 3846 2 - 1281 146.01 5.59 38.73
NlToll5 LOC111056049 Chr7 50148873 50196808 3975 2 - 1324 146.42 5.57 46.19
NlToll6 LOC111056401 Chr7 57508998 57767470 3810 2 + 1270 145.31 5.53 44.82
SfToll1 Sfur012514 Chr1 63573403 63639166 3363 6 + 1120 126.92 6.01 41.32
SfToll2 Sfur012217 Chr4 4083510 4099003 2733 7 + 910 107.20 6.54 37.08
SfToll3 Sfur014773 Chr7 10836279 10942139 3888 3 + 1295 145.67 5.44 48.11
SfToll4 Sfur014910 Chr7 25119800 25125233 4158 5 - 1385 158.25 6.03 47.76
SfToll5 Sfur015175 Chr7 26011622 26043098 3864 2 - 1287 146.71 5.55 39.78
SfToll6 Sfur015206 Chr7 27226151 27230098 3918 2 + 1305 148.36 6.06 47.28
SfToll7 Sfur015067 Chr7 27367526 27371473 3918 2 + 1305 148.37 6.06 47.28
LsToll1 Lstr008514 Chr1 48547956 48560133 3087 6 + 1028 116.76 6.05 38.29
LsToll2 Lstr021969 Chr4 1327721 1348391 2724 7 - 907 106.02 5.77 38.55
LsToll3 Lstr001715 Chr7 8226430 8256447 3981 2 - 1326 150.61 6.09 48.13
LsToll4 Lstr001664 Chr7 10019204 10023088 3885 1 - 1294 145.64 5.42 47.44
LsToll5 Lstr000663 Chr7 21157348 21161193 3846 1 - 1281 146.40 5.58 44.05
LsToll6 Lstr000721 Chr7 21612317 21766732 3855 3 - 1284 146.40 5.60 38.63

Fig. 1

Phylogenetic tree of the Toll receptor gene family Yellow branches represent the Toll subfamily, purple branches represent the Toll9 subfamily, green branches represent the subfamily homologous to the D. melanogaster Tollo, red branches represent the Toll6 subfamily, black branches represent the subfamily homologous to the A. aegypti Tollo, and blue branches represent the Toll7 subfamily"

Fig. 2

Chromosome mapping and genomic collinearity of the Toll receptor gene family in three species of rice planthoppers"

Fig. 3

Motif patterns and conserved structural domains of the Toll receptor gene family in three species of rice planthoppers"

Fig. 4

Three-dimensional structure and similarity analysis of Toll receptors in three species of rice planthoppers"

Fig. 5

Heatmap of Toll receptor gene expression at different developmental stages in three species of rice planthoppers"

Fig. 6

Heatmap of the expression levels of Toll receptor genes in different tissues of three species of rice planthoppers"

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