生物炭配施缓释肥对绿洲灌区土壤水分利用的调控效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对绿洲灌区水资源短缺及玉米生产中氮肥施用过量、水分利用效率低等问题，探讨生物炭配施缓释肥在减量施氮条件下对玉米田土壤水分利用特征的影响，旨在为玉米高产与水资源高效利用提供实践依据。【方法】试验采用裂区设计，主区为土壤调理剂：生物炭（B）、无调理剂（C），裂区为2种氮肥类型：传统化学氮肥（T）、缓释肥（S），裂裂区为2个施氮水平：传统施氮量（N2：360 kg·hm^-2）、传统施氮减量30%（N1：252 kg·hm^-2），于2023—2024年研究生物炭配施缓释肥结合减氮对玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】生物炭配施缓释肥结合减氮（BSN1）可提高玉米播前土壤贮水量，降低玉米全生育期耗水量。就播前土壤贮水量而言，施生物炭较无调理剂提高5.3%—6.5%；缓释肥与传统化肥之间、以及减量施氮与常规施氮量之间，无显著差异（P>0.05）。BSN1较CTN2处理提高玉米播前土壤贮水量11.1%—12.5%。生物炭降低玉米播种期—拔节期与大喇叭口期—开花期的耗水量分别为6.4%—6.7%与4.6%—5.5%，但耗水模系数无显著差异；缓释肥降低玉米播种期—成熟期的耗水量8.1%—10.0%，但仅降低玉米播种期—开花期的耗水模系数；减量施氮使玉米大喇叭口期—开花期的耗水量降低6.3%—7.5%，耗水模系数无显著差异。综合土壤调理剂、氮肥类型和施氮水平，BSN1较CTN2处理在玉米播种期—开花期耗水量降低21.4%—29.5%，耗水模系数降低6.3%—7.6%；开花期—成熟期耗水量降低8.0%—9.9%，耗水模系数呈升高趋势。生物炭配施缓释肥有效协调减氮玉米不同生育时期水分供需关系。因此，BSN1较CTN2处理玉米总耗水量降低13.6%—14.8%，籽粒产量和水分利用效率提高8.6%—9.1%和24.1%—24.7%。【结论】生物炭配施缓释肥结合减量施氮较无调理剂、传统化学氮肥、传统施氮量组合处理（CTN2）显著提高玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率，可作为河西绿洲灌区玉米节氮增产及高效用水的可行技术。

关键词: 生物炭, 缓释肥, 减量施氮, 玉米, 产量, 水分利用效率, 绿洲灌区

Abstract:

【Objective】To address water scarcity in oasis irrigation areas and issues such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer application and low water use efficiency in maize production, this study investigated the effects of biochar combined with slow-release fertilizers on maize soil water use characteristics under reduced nitrogen application, so as to provide the practical evidence for high maize yields and efficient water resource utilization.【Method】A split-plot design was employed. The main plots featured soil conditioner (biochar (B)) and no conditioner (C). Split plots included two nitrogen fertilizer types: traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T) and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S). Sub-split plots tested two nitrogen application rates: traditional nitrogen application rate (N2: 360 kg·hm^-2), and a 30% reduced traditional nitrogen application rate (N1: 252 kg·hm^-2). This study investigated the effects of biochar combined with slow-release fertilizer on maize yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency under reduced nitrogen application during the 2023-2024 growth season.【Result】Applying biochar with slow-release fertilizer to reduce nitrogen application (BSN1) increased pre-sowing soil water storage capacity in nitrogen-reduced maize and lowered maize water consumption throughout its entire growth stage. Regarding pre-sowing soil water storage, biochar increased by 5.3%-6.5% compared with no conditioner; no significant differences were observed between slow-release fertilizer and traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer, nor between reducted nitrogen application and traditional nitrogen application rates (P>0.05). Compared with traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer application rate without soil conditioner (CTN2), BSN1 increased pre-sowing soil water storage by 11.1%-12.5%. Biochar reduced water consumption during the maize sowing to jointing stage and the big flare to flowering stage by 6.4%-6.7% and 4.6%-5.5%, respectively, though the evapotranspiration modulus showed no significant differences. Slow-release fertilizer reduced maize water consumption from sowing to maturity by 8.1%-10.0%, but only lowered the evapotranspiration modulus during the sowing to flowering stage. Reduced nitrogen application decreased water consumption during the big flare stage to flowering stage by 6.3%-7.5%, with no significant difference in the evapotranspiration modulus. Comprehensive analysis of soil conditioner, nitrogen fertilizer type, and nitrogen application rate showed that BSN1 reduced maize water consumption by 21.4%-29.5% and the evapotranspiration modulus by 6.3%-7.6% compared with CTN2 during the sowing to flowering stage, water consumption decreased by 8.0%-9.9% during flowering to maturity stage, while the evapotranspiration modulus showed an upward trend. The combination of biochar and slow-release fertilizer effectively coordinated water supply and demand during different growth stages of nitrogen-reduced maize. Consequently, maize under BSN1 exhibited a 13.6%-14.8% reduction in total water consumption compared with CTN2, with grain yield and water use efficiency increasing by 8.6%-9.1% and 24.1%-24.7%, respectively.【Conclusion】The application of biochar combined with slow-release fertilizer and reduced nitrogen rates significantly increased maize grain yield and water use efficiency compared with traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizers without soil conditioners at traditional nitrogen application levels. This approach served as a viable technology for nitrogen-saving, yield-enhancing, and water-efficient maize production in the Hexi Oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: biochar, slow-release fertilizer, reduced nitrogen application, maize, yield, water use efficiency, oasis irrigated area

王珅, 李盼, 梁淼, 王丽萍, 张殿凯, 赵连豪, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 南运有, 殷文, 柴强. 生物炭配施缓释肥对绿洲灌区土壤水分利用的调控效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(15): 3374-3386.

WANG Shen, LI Pan, LIANG Miao, WANG LiPing, ZHANG DianKai, ZHAO LianHao, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, NAN YunYou, YIN Wen, CHAI Qiang. Regulation Effect of Biochar Combined with Slow-Release Fertilizer on Soil Water Use in Oasis Irrigation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(15): 3374-3386.

图/表 9

表1

图1

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

表4

生物炭配施缓释肥在减量施氮条件下的玉米耗水量及耗水模系数"

年份 Year	土壤调理剂 Soil conditioner	氮肥类型 Nitrogen type	施氮水平 Nitrogen level	播种期—拔节期 Sowing-jointing		拔节期— 大喇叭口期 Jointing-big flare		大喇叭口期— 开花期 Big flare-flowering		开花期—灌浆期 Flowering-filling		灌浆期—成熟期 Filling-maturating		总耗水量 Total evapotran- spiration (mm)
年份 Year	土壤调理剂 Soil conditioner	氮肥类型 Nitrogen type	施氮水平 Nitrogen level	ET (mm)	CP (%)	ET (mm)	CP (%)	ET (mm)	CP (%)	ET (mm)	CP (%)	ET (mm)	CP (%)	总耗水量 Total evapotran- spiration (mm)
2023	B	S	N1	45.1c	8.3bc	106.9d	19.8d	92.7f	17.1d	126.4c	23.4a	169.8b	31.4b	540.9g
		S	N2	46.5bc	8.3c	109.7d	19.6d	96.2e	17.2d	127.8c	22.9ab	179.1ab	32.0a	559.3fg
		T	N1	48.6abc	8.3c	129.8ab	22.1a	100.6d	17.1d	129.8abc	22.1bc	177.8ab	30.3cd	586.6cd
		T	N2	51.3abc	8.3bc	135.9a	22.5a	113.3b	18.4b	134.1ab	21.7c	182.0a	29.5e	616.6ab
	C	S	N1	48.2abc	8.5bc	118.6c	20.9c	98.1e	17.3cd	125.9c	22.2bc	176.1ab	31.1bc	566.9ef
		S	N2	48.5abc	8.4bc	125.7b	21.7ab	101.0d	17.4cd	128.8bc	22.2bc	176.4ab	30.4cd	580.5cde
		T	N1	52.4ab	8.7a	126.6b	21.1bc	107.4c	17.9bc	129.8abc	21.6c	184.2a	30.7bcd	600.4bc
		T	N2	54.6a	8.8a	127.0b	20.5c	118.3a	19.0a	135.4a	21.8c	185.7a	29.9de	621.1a
2024	B	S	N1	17.2c	2.8b	123.6f	20.3ab	87.6f	14.4b	137.1e	22.5a	243.5d	40.0a	609.0f
		S	N2	17.5bc	2.8b	127.8e	20.5ab	92.1e	14.8ab	140.0d	22.4a	246.6d	39.5ab	623.9e
		T	N1	18.5ab	2.9b	135.7c	20.9ab	98.5c	15.2ab	144.5c	22.3a	251.5c	38.8bc	648.7c
		T	N2	21.3a	3.2a	135.7c	20.2ab	110.6a	16.4a	148.1b	22.0a	257.6b	38.3c	673.2b
	C	S	N1	18.5ab	3.0ab	125.0f	20.1b	94.9d	15.2ab	140.4d	22.5a	243.9e	39.2abc	622.7e
		S	N2	19.1b	3.0ab	132.8d	20.8ab	97.9c	15.3ab	144.4c	22.6a	245.4de	38.4c	639.6d
		T	N1	20.8a	3.1a	139.4b	20.8ab	104.6b	15.6ab	147.4b	22.0a	258.4b	38.5c	670.7b
		T	N2	21.1a	3.0a	146.0a	21.1a	109.3a	15.8ab	151.4a	21.9a	264.9a	38.2c	692.8a
显著性Significance
土壤调理剂Soil conditioner (SC)				*	NS	NS	NS	*	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
氮肥类型Nitrogen type (NT)				*	NS	**	*	**	*	*	*	*	*	**
施氮水平Nitrogen level (NL)				NS	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
土壤调理剂×氮肥类型SC×NT				*	*	**	*	**	*	*	NS	*	*	**
土壤调理剂×施氮水平SC×NL				*	*	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
氮肥类型×施氮水平NT×NL				NS	NS	**	NS	*	*	**	NS	*	*	**
土壤调理剂×氮肥类型×施氮水平 SC×NT×NL				**	*	**	*	**	*	*	NS	*	*	*

表4

图5

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	处理Treatment
	BTN1	BTN2	BSN1	BSN2	CTN1	CTN2	CSN1	CSN2
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	1.46	1.47	1.43	1.43	1.56	1.59	1.52	1.53

土壤调理剂 Soil conditioner	氮肥类型 Nitrogen type	施氮水平 Nitrogen level	处理代码 Treatment code
生物炭 Biochar (B)	传统化学氮肥 Traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T)	传统施氮量 Traditional nitrogen application rate (N2)	BTN2
	传统化学氮肥 Traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T)	传统施氮减量30% Reduction of 30% in N2 (N1)	BTN1
	缓释肥 Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S)	传统施氮量 Traditional nitrogen application rate (N2)	BSN2
	缓释肥 Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S)	传统施氮减量30% (N1) Reduction of 30% in N2 (N1)	BSN1
无调理剂 No conditioner (C)	传统化学氮肥 Traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T)	传统施氮量 Traditional nitrogen application rate (N2)	CTN2
	传统化学氮肥 Traditional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (T)	传统施氮减量30% Reduction of 30% in N2 (N1)	CTN1
	缓释肥 Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S)	传统施氮量 Traditional nitrogen application rate (N2)	CSN2
	缓释肥 Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (S)	传统施氮减量30% Reduction of 30% in N2 (N1)	CSN1