密度对油菜角果性状的影响及高产油菜增产路径分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】种植密度是重要的产量调控因子，影响油菜角果数量和角果质量形成。在油菜角果达到一定数量基础上提升角果质量，从而进一步挖掘油菜增产潜力，探讨角果质量对油菜群体产量形成的影响。【方法】于2021—2022和2022—2023年度在扬州大学世业洲试验基地，以秦优10号和宁杂1838为供试品种，设置5个密度处理，分别为2.4×10⁵株/hm²（D1）、3.6×10⁵株/hm²（D2）、4.8×10⁵株/hm²（D3）、6.0×10⁵株/hm²（D4）和7.2×10⁵株/hm²（D5），研究密度对产量、冠层性状以及角果性状等影响。【结果】从D1至D5处理，随着密度增加，群体角果数和小区产量均先增加后降低，群体角果数D3和D4处理较高，小区产量D2和D3处理较高。不同处理结角层厚度的变化范围为41.50—80.98 cm，从D2处理开始，随着密度增加，结角层厚度显著降低；不同处理着角密度的变化范围为0.98×10⁴—2.16×10⁴·m^-3，随着密度增加显著增加。根据所有处理群体平均每角粒数的大小将角果分为低效、中效和高效3种类型，粒数分别为≤14粒、15—17粒和≥18粒。低效、中效和高效类型角果的单角产量的平均值分别为19.40×10^-3、53.41×10^-3和80.62×10^-3 g，低效、中效和高效3种类型角果数量比例的变化范围分别为27.60%—40.96%、8.39%—19.73%和39.31%—63.28%。3种类型角果中，高效角果的产量占比最高，低效、中效和高效3种类型的变化范围分别为8.41%—15.62%、7.24%—22.01%和62.60%—83.92%。D3至D5处理，随着密度增加，高效角果数量及其占比均显著降低，小区产量显著降低。【结论】油菜目标实收产量4 500 kg·hm^-2（300 kg/亩），适期播种条件下适宜密度范围和群体质量指标包括：密度3.6×10⁵—4.8×10⁵株/hm²（2.4×10⁴—3.2×10⁴株/亩），群体角果数83.0×10⁶—94.0×10⁶·hm^-2（550×10⁴—620×10⁴/亩），达到18粒的高效角果数量比例在50%以上。在保证适量角果数的基础上，通过增加角果粒数，提高高效角果数量和比例是油菜进一步增产的有效路径。

关键词: 油菜, 产量构成, 角果性状, 高效角果, 增产路径

Abstract:

【Objective】Planting density is an important factor affecting pod quantity and quality in rapeseed. Based on a certain number of rapeseed pod quantity, the quality of rapeseed kernels was improved to further tap the potential of rapeseed production, so as to explore the effect of kernels quality on the formation of rapeseed population yield.【Method】The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of planting density on rapeseed yield, canopy, and pod characteristics during the 2021 to 2022 and 2022 to 2023 growing seasons in Shiye Experimental site of Yangzhou University in Zhenjiang. Qinyou10 and Ningza1838 were used as the rape test materials. Five planting density levels were set as 2.4×10⁵ plant/hm² (D1), 3.6×10⁵plant/hm² (D2), 4.8×10⁵plant/hm² (D3), 6.0×10⁵plant/hm² (D4), and 7.2×10⁵·plant/hm² (D5). 【Result】As planting density increased from D1 to D5, the number of pods in population and plot seed yield initially increased and decreased thereafter. The number of pods in population in D3 and D4 was higher than that in other densities, and plot seed yield reached the maximum value in D2 and D3. The canopy thickness, ranging from 41.50 cm to 80.98 cm across different treatments, increased with an increase in planting density from D2 to D5. The pod density, ranging from 0.98×10⁴ to 2.16×10⁴ per cubic meter, significantly increased as planting density increased. According to the number of seeds per pod across different treatments, the pods were categorized into low efficient pod (≤14), middle efficient pod (15 to 17), and high efficient pod (≥18), respectively. The average yield per pod of low, middle, and high efficient pod was 19.40×10^-3, 53.41×10^-3 and 80.62×10^-3 g, respectively. The allocation ratio of pod number ranged from 27.60% to 40.96% for low efficient pod, 8.39% to19.73% for middle efficient pod and 39.31% to 63.28% for highly efficient pod, respectively. Among the three types of pods, the ratio of yield for highly efficient pod was the highest and the range of variation for low, middle and high efficient type was from 8.41% to 15.62%, 7.24% to 22.01% and 62.60% to 83.92%, respectively. As planting density increased from D3 to D5, the quantity and allocation ratio of highly efficient pod significantly decreased, resulting in decreasing seed yield. 【Conclusion】When the target seed yield was 4 500 kg·hm^-2, the appropriate planting density and population quality indicators with suitable sowing date were as follows: planting density ranged from 3.6 to 4.8×10⁵plant·hm^-2, the number of pods in population ranged from 83.0 to 94.0×10⁶·hm^-2, and the allocation ratio of high efficient pod (≥18 seeds per pod) is more than 50%. Increasing the number of seeds per pod to improve the quantity and allocation ratio of highly efficient pod was an effective way to further enhance the seed yield in rapeseed.

Key words: rapeseed, yield components, pod characteristics, highly efficient pod, approach to enhance yield

李亦扬, 王龙, 钱晨, 李静, 林国冰, 瞿雯婷, 王炎, 林耀威, 黄怡航, 郑经东, 尤晶晶, 左青松. 密度对油菜角果性状的影响及高产油菜增产路径分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(22): 4459-4472.

LI YiYang, WANG Long, QIAN Chen, LI Jing, LIN GuoBing, QU WenTing, WANG Yan, LIN YaoWei, HUANG YiHang, ZHENG JingDong, YOU JingJing, ZUO QingSong. Effects of Planting Density on the Pod Characteristics and Exploring Strategie Analysis to Increase Yield in High-Yield Rapeseed[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4459-4472.

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品种 Variety	密度 Density	2021—2022			2022—2023
品种 Variety	密度 Density	群体角果数 Number of pods in population (×10⁶·hm^-2)	每角粒数 Number of seeds per pod	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	群体角果数 Number of pods in population (×10⁶·hm^-2)	每角粒数 Number of seeds per pod	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	78.50d	17.8a	3.494a	79.02d	17.7a	3.451b
	D2	85.54c	17.8a	3.535a	85.67c	17.8a	3.531a
	D3	94.02a	16.7b	3.537a	93.11a	16.8b	3.529a
	D4	95.42a	15.5c	3.217b	94.61a	15.5c	3.115c
	D5	91.01b	14.9d	3.102c	88.59b	14.7d	3.056d
宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	79.39d	17.7a	3.671b	79.40d	17.8a	3.585b
	D2	83.44c	17.8a	3.778a	82.62c	17.8a	3.730a
	D3	90.56b	16.6b	3.718ab	89.57b	16.5b	3.734a
	D4	94.26a	15.2c	3.325c	92.34a	15.2c	3.278c
	D5	90.48b	14.3d	3.221d	89.21b	14.3d	3.156d

产量构成因素 Yield components	品种 Variety	密度 Density	2021—2022			2022—2023
产量构成因素 Yield components	品种 Variety	密度 Density	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient
群体角果数 Number of pods in population (×10⁶·hm^-2)	秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	23.28c	7.13c	48.09c	23.66c	7.16c	48.20c
		D2	23.62c	8.04c	53.89a	23.69c	7.75c	54.22a
		D3	31.40b	11.39b	51.23b	30.81b	11.13b	51.18b
		D4	35.58a	17.36a	42.48d	35.28a	17.19a	42.14d
		D5	36.34a	17.24a	37.42e	35.63a	16.79a	36.16e
	宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	22.71d	6.66c	50.03b	22.56d	6.69d	50.15a
		D2	23.28d	7.71c	52.45a	23.11d	7.66c	51.85a
		D3	30.14c	11.26b	49.15b	30.16c	11.27b	48.15b
		D4	34.43b	18.47a	41.36c	33.96b	18.03a	40.35c
		D5	37.07a	17.86a	35.56d	35.84a	17.46a	35.91d
每角粒数 Number of seeds per pod	秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	5.4b	15.8b	24.1a	5.5c	15.7ab	23.9a
		D2	6.1a	15.9ab	23.3b	6.4a	15.9ab	23.1ab
		D3	6.4a	15.7b	23.2b	6.2ab	15.5b	23.4ab
		D4	6.3a	16.2a	23.0b	6.2ab	16.2a	23.0ab
		D5	6.1a	16.1ab	22.8b	5.9bc	16.0a	22.9b
	宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	5.9b	15.8ab	23.4a	5.9b	15.7ab	23.5a
		D2	6.7a	15.5b	23.1ab	6.5a	15.5b	23.2ab
		D3	5.6b	15.7ab	23.4a	5.5b	15.6ab	23.7a
		D4	6.7a	15.7ab	22.2bc	6.4a	15.7ab	22.5bc
		D5	5.9b	16.3a	22.0c	5.7b	16.3a	22.0c
千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	3.282a	3.454a	3.521a	3.258a	3.400b	3.479b
		D2	3.339a	3.486a	3.562a	3.312a	3.464ab	3.565a
		D3	3.279a	3.460a	3.592a	3.309a	3.480a	3.571a
		D4	2.943b	3.122b	3.307b	2.910b	3.028c	3.186c
		D5	2.939b	3.094b	3.149c	2.908b	3.031c	3.103d
	宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	3.403a	3.558a	3.713a	3.355a	3.526b	3.617b
		D2	3.438a	3.634a	3.835a	3.419a	3.637a	3.778a
		D3	3.472a	3.654a	3.765a	3.418a	3.666a	3.790a
		D4	3.119b	3.284b	3.390b	3.096b	3.257c	3.328c
		D5	2.958c	3.117c	3.335b	2.924c	3.130d	3.225d

品种 Variety	密度 Density	2021—2022			2022—2023
品种 Variety	密度 Density	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient
秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	17.65c	54.61a	84.88a	17.91b	53.34b	83.23a
	D2	20.33ab	55.33a	83.00a	21.22a	55.22a	82.42a
	D3	21.10a	54.44a	83.36a	20.65a	53.85ab	83.66a
	D4	18.65bc	50.65b	76.13b	17.91b	49.02c	73.42b
	D5	17.83c	49.75b	71.90c	16.98b	48.60c	70.86b
宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	20.08b	56.05a	86.63a	19.68b	55.29a	84.76b
	D2	22.85a	56.46a	88.46a	22.08a	56.35a	87.74ab
	D3	19.52b	57.38a	88.06a	18.60b	57.41a	89.61a
	D4	20.89b	51.74b	75.15b	19.80b	51.01b	74.77c
	D5	17.63c	50.96b	73.51b	16.60c	50.80b	70.92d

品种 Variety	密度 Density	2021—2022			2022—2023
品种 Variety	密度 Density	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient
秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	29.65d	9.09c	61.26a	29.94d	9.06d	61.01b
	D2	27.60e	9.40c	63.01a	27.66e	9.05d	63.28a
	D3	33.40c	12.11b	54.49b	33.08c	11.95c	54.97c
	D4	37.29b	18.19a	44.51c	37.29b	18.17b	44.54d
	D5	39.93a	18.95a	41.12d	40.22a	18.95a	40.83e
宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	28.61d	8.39c	63.00a	28.41d	8.43d	63.15a
	D2	27.89d	9.24c	62.87a	27.98d	9.27c	62.75a
	D3	33.27c	12.44b	54.29b	33.67c	12.57b	53.76b
	D4	36.53b	19.59a	43.88c	36.78b	19.53a	43.69c
	D5	40.96a	19.73a	39.31d	40.18a	19.57a	40.25d

项目 Item	品种 Variety	密度 Density	2021—2022			2022—2023
项目 Item	品种 Variety	密度 Density	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient	低效 Low efficient	中效 Middle efficient	高效 High efficient
产量 Yields (kg·hm^-2)	秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	410.4b	389.3d	4080.6b	423.5c	381.8c	4011.9c
		D2	480.0b	444.9c	4471.6a	502.8b	428.3c	4466.1a
		D3	663.0a	619.8b	4270.2ab	636.6a	599.1b	4281.4b
		D4	663.2a	879.2a	3232.4c	631.8a	842.9a	3092.8d
		D5	647.6a	857.3a	2689.0d	604.4a	816.0a	2562.1e
	宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	456.1e	373.3c	4333.6b	443.9d	370.1e	4247.9b
		D2	531.2d	435.2c	4639.2a	510.3c	431.3d	4547.7a
		D3	588.2c	646.7b	4327.6b	561.1bc	646.3c	4315.5b
		D4	719.2a	956.5a	3105.6c	672.4a	919.8a	3016.1c
		D5	652.2b	909.3a	2613.6d	594.9b	886.5b	2545.7d
产量分配比例 Yield allocation proportion (%)	秦优10号 Qinyou 10	D1	8.41c	7.97d	83.62a	8.79d	7.93d	83.28a
		D2	8.91c	8.26d	82.83a	9.31d	7.94d	82.75a
		D3	11.95b	11.16c	76.89b	11.53c	10.86c	77.60b
		D4	13.89a	18.42b	67.70c	13.84b	18.45b	67.71c
		D5	15.44a	20.44a	64.12d	15.18a	20.51a	64.31d
	宁杂1838 Ningza 1838	D1	8.84c	7.24d	83.92a	8.77c	7.31d	83.92a
		D2	9.48c	7.77d	82.75a	9.30bc	7.86d	82.85b
		D3	10.57b	11.62c	77.80b	10.16b	11.71c	78.13c
		D4	15.04a	20.00b	64.96c	14.59a	19.97b	65.45d
		D5	15.62a	21.78a	62.60d	14.77a	22.01a	63.22e