库尔勒香梨的光能截获率及冠层结构优化

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】调查库尔勒香梨5种树形的冠层结构，分析不同树形冠层内的光照分布差异，建立光截获量日变化模型，计算光能截获率，明确库尔勒香梨冠层结构的调控方法和目标参数，为高光效树形培育提供参考依据。【方法】以不同树形的库尔勒香梨为试材，测定冠层结构参数和不同部位的光合有效辐射（photosynthetic effective radiation,PAR），基于象限思维构建三维空间，绘制光分布图，建立光能截获评价指标体系，计算光截获量和光能截获率，通过相关性分析和主成分分析，明确影响光能截获的主要冠层结构和调控方法。【结果】（1）大圆柱形的地径、平均枝粗较大，存在枝干比失调的主枝。圆柱形冠层上下的分枝数和枝粗更加均匀。窄圆柱形的分枝数、枝总长、平均枝长显著低于圆柱形。矮圆柱形的树高显著降低，其余参数与窄圆柱形相似。细长纺锤形的地径、平均枝长、平均枝粗、平均枝角、平均枝间距显著低于圆柱形，但短枝占比显著增加。（2）离主干距离和高度是影响冠层光截获量（light interception，LI）的主要因素，离主干100 cm处的平均光截获量（average light interception，ALI）显著提高，达到572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，约为内膛的2倍，220 cm以下的光照条件均较差。南、北、东南、西南侧为高光区，西、东、东北、西北侧为低光区，ALI日变化可以大致分为5个时段。（3）树形变窄、变矮，可显著增加内膛ALI，显著增加各层或部分层次的ALI，显著增加所有或部分方位的ALI，显著增加部分时段的ALI。（4）细长纺锤形的单日累积光截获量（cumulative light interception，CLI）为22.2 mol·m^-2，群体CLI为3 712 mol/667 m²，光能截获率（light interception rate，LIR）为35.6%，显著高于其他树形，其低光区占比（proportion of low light area，PLL）为50.9%，显著低于其他树形。（5）与光能截获率显著正相关的冠层结构参数有5个，显著负相关的冠层结构参数有15个。【结论】短枝占比是影响库尔勒香梨光能截获率的最主要参数，枝长是影响低光区占比的最主要参数。控制树高和冠幅可以提高光能截获率和光照分布的均匀度。细长纺锤形的冠层光分布更加均匀，光能截获率最高，可保持较多的分枝数和较大的短枝占比，降低平均枝长，改善冠层光照水平。

关键词: 库尔勒香梨, 树形, 光分布, 光截获, 低光区占比

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study investigated the canopy structure of five tree shapes of Korla fragrant pears, analyzed the differences in light distribution within different tree shapes, established a daily change model of light interception, calculated the light interception rate, clarified the regulation methods and target parameters of the canopy structure, to provide a reference basis for cultivating high-light-efficiency tree shapes. 【Method】 Korla fragrant pear trees with different shapes were chosen as the test materials, the canopy structural parameters and photosynthetic-effective-radiation (PAR) passing through different tree shapes were measured. Based on a quadrant approach, a three-dimensional space was constructed, the light distribution maps were drawn, an evaluation index system of light interception was established, and the light interception amount and light interception rate were calculated. Through correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the main canopy structure and regulation methods that affect light interception were identified. 【Result】 (1) The ground diameter and average branch diameter of large cylindrical-shaped trees were larger, with main branches with imbalanced branch-to-trunk ratios. The number of branches and branch diameter through the canopy of the cylindrical-shaped trees were more uniform. The number of branches, total length of branches, and average branch length of the narrow cylindrical-shaped trees were significantly lower than those of the cylindrical-shaped trees. The height of trees with the short cylindrical-shaped trees was significantly lower and other parameters were similar to the narrow cylindrical-shaped trees. The ground diameter, average branch length, average branch diameter, average branch angle, and average distance of branches of slender- spindle-shaped trees were significantly lower than those of cylindrical-shaped trees, but the proportion of short branches was significantly larger. (2) The distance from the trunk and height were the main factors which affected the canopy light interception (LI), and the average light interception(ALI) at a distance of 100 cm from the trunk increased significantly, reached 572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, which was approximately twice that of the inner chamber. The lighting conditions below 220 cm were poor. The south, north, southeast, and southwest sides were high-light areas, while the west, east, northeast, and northwest sides were low-light areas. The daily variation in ALI can be roughly divided into five periods. (3)As the tree shape became narrower and shorter, the ALI significantly increased in the inner chamber, in each or partial layer, in all or partial directions, and in partial periods. (4) The single-day cumulative light interception (CLI) of slender-spindle-shaped trees was 22.2 mol·m^-2, the group CLI was 3 712 mol/667 m², and the light interception rate (LIR) was 35.6%, which was significantly higher than that of other tree shapes. The proportion of low-light area (PLL) was 50.9%, which was significantly lower than that of other tree shapes. (5) Five canopy structural parameters were significantly positively correlated with the LIR while fifteen canopy structural parameters were significantly negatively correlated. 【Conclusion】 The proportion of short branches is the most important parameter affecting the light interception in Korla fragrant pear trees, while the length of branches is the most important parameter affecting the proportion of low-light area. Control the tree height and canopy width can improve the light interception rate and the uniformity of light distribution. The slender-spindle-shaped canopy has a more uniform light distribution and the highest light interception rate. It can maintain a larger number of branches and a larger proportion of short branches with reduced average branch length to improve the lighting level of the canopy.

Key words: Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu, tree shape, light distribution, light interception, proportion of low light area

兖攀, 王振东, 邓永辉, 陈奇凌, 郑强卿. 库尔勒香梨的光能截获率及冠层结构优化[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(5): 965-979.

YAN Pan, WANG ZhenDong, DENG YongHui, CHEN QiLing, ZHENG QiangQing. Light Interception Rate and Canopy Structure Optimization of Korla Fragrant Pear[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 965-979.

图/表 11

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图2

表1

表2

表3

表4

图3

表5

图4

图5

表6

冠层结构优化方法"

冠层结构参数 Canopy structure parameters	常数 Constant	系数 Coefficient	R²	最优解 Optimal solution	大圆柱形LC		圆柱形C		窄圆柱形NC		矮圆柱形SC		细长纺锤形SS
冠层结构参数 Canopy structure parameters	常数 Constant	系数 Coefficient	R²	最优解 Optimal solution	参数 Parameters	调控 Regulation	参数 Parameters	调控 Regulation	参数 Parameters	调控 Regulation	参数 Parameters	调控 Regulation	参数 Parameters	调控 Regulation
树高Height (H)	-14.845	13.060	0.644	3.4	3	＋	3.2	＋	3.2	＋	2.8	＋	3.7	－
分枝数Number of branches	18.710	0.243	0.641	46	26	＋	33	＋	23	＋	20	＋	65	－
长枝占比Proportion of long branches	30.600	-0.232	0.330	3	32	－	22	－	7	◯	12	◯	8	◯
中枝占比Proportion of middle branches	31.162	-0.093	0.064	12	39	◯	44	◯	63	－	55	－	31	◯
短枝占比Proportion of short branches	18.033	0.235	0.493	51	29	＋	34	＋	30	＋	34	＋	61	－
枝总长Total length of branches	22.602	0.210	0.093	35.2	20.3	＋	27.3	◯	13.9	＋	12.2	＋	27.5	◯
平均枝长Average branch length	41.731	-0.231	0.589	51	78	－	82	－	60	◯	61	◯	42	＋
平均枝粗 Average diameter	41.560	-7.656	0.440	1.5	2.1	－	1.8	◯	2.3	－	2.3	－	1.2	＋
枝角 Branch angle	46.142	-0.293	0.353	55	65	－	67	－	75	－	73	－	49	＋
平均枝间距 Average distance of branches	39.394	-1.394	0.448	6.7	9.6	－	8.8	－	10.8	－	10.8	－	4.9	＋
下层枝数 Branch number of lower	18.132	1.159	0.560	10	6	◯	5	◯	6	◯	7	◯	13	－
中层枝数 Branch number of middle	20.147	0.566	0.238	17	13	＋	12	＋	7	＋	8	＋	18	－
上层枝数 Branch number of upper	21.122	0.404	0.702	22	7	＋	16	◯	9	＋	6	＋	33	－
下层平均枝长 Branch length of lower	36.664	-0.131	0.351	51	95	－	89	－	68	－	69	－	53	＋
中层平均枝长 Branch length of middle	38.581	-0.173	0.288	50	72	－	88	－	61	－	64	－	53	◯
上层平均枝长 Branch length of upper	37.569	-0.184	0.523	41	78	－	76	－	54	－	51	－	33	＋
下层平均枝粗 Branch diameter of lower	42.228	-6.922	0.596	1.8	2.8	－	2.1	－	2.4	－	2.4	－	1.3	＋
中层平均枝粗 Branch diameter of middle	38.681	-6.243	0.304	1.4	1.8	－	1.9	－	2.2	－	2.3	－	1.2	＋
上层平均枝粗 Branch diameter of upper	36.817	-5.392	0.283	1.3	2	－	1.6	－	2.3	－	2.2	－	1.1	＋
下层平均枝角 Branch angle of lower	48.578	-0.293	0.488	63	78	－	79	－	78	－	79	－	55	＋
中层平均枝角 Branch angle of middle	40.139	-0.196	0.208	52	62	－	74	－	77	－	74	－	51	◯
上层平均枝角 Branch angle of upper	34.508	-0.131	0.110	34	56	－	59	－	70	－	64	－	45	－
下层平均枝间距 Branch distance of lower	35.765	-1.069	0.395	5	11	－	9	－	8	－	8	－	5	◯
中层平均枝间距 Branch distance of middle	34.434	-0.829	0.191	5	8	－	9	－	11	－	12	－	6	◯
上层平均枝间距 Branch distance of upper	35.612	-0.847	0.406	7	12	－	9	－	12	－	13	－	5	＋

表6

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树形 Canopy shapes	地径 Diameter (cm)	树高 Height (m)	分枝数 Number of branches (No.)	长枝占比 Proportion of long branches (%)	中枝占比 Proportion of middle branches (%)	短枝占比 Proportion of short branches (%)
大圆柱形 LC	10.7±0.1a	3.0±0.1bc	26±5bc	32±19a	39±7bc	29±14b
圆柱形 C	7.8±0.7b	3.2±0.1b	33±2b	22±8ab	44±16bc	34±8b
窄圆柱形 NC	8.8±0.6b	3.2±0.1b	23±3c	7±3b	63±5a	30±6b
矮圆柱形 SC	8.5±1.5b	2.8±0.0c	20±3c	12±7b	55±9ab	34±15b
细长纺锤形 SS	5.7±0.2c	3.7±0.2a	65±7a	8±6b	31±6c	61±8a

树形 Canopy shape	枝总长 Total length of branches (m)	平均枝长 Average branch length (cm)	平均枝粗 Average diameter (cm)	枝角 Branch angle (°)	平均枝间距 Average distance of branches (cm)
大圆柱形 LC	20.3±3.2ab	78±17ab	2.1±0.2b	65±7b	9.6±2.0a
圆柱形 C	27.3±1.9a	82±1a	1.8±0.1c	67±4ab	8.8±1.1a
窄圆柱形 NC	13.9±1.7bc	60±3b	2.3±0.1a	75±4a	10.8±0.9a
矮圆柱形 SC	12.2±1.8c	61±11b	2.3±0.1a	73±3ab	10.8±1.2a
细长纺锤形 SS	27.5±7.9a	42±8c	1.2±0.1d	49±7c	4.9±0.8b

树形 Canopy shape	分枝数 Branch number (No.)			平均枝长 Average branch length (cm)			平均枝粗 Average branch diameter (cm)
树形 Canopy shape	下层 Lower	中层 Middle	上层 Upper	下层 Lower	中层 Middle	上层 Upper	下层 Lower	中层 Middle	上层 Upper
大圆柱形 LC	6±2b	13±2ab	7±1c	95±30a	72±16ab	78±22a	2.8±0.6a	1.8±0.2b	2.0±0.2ab
圆柱形 C	5±1b	12±2bc	16±2b	89±26ab	88±1a	76±10a	2.1±0.1b	1.9±0.1ab	1.6±0.1b
窄圆柱形 NC	6±2b	8±1c	9±1c	68±7ab	61±3b	54±6ab	2.4±0.2ab	2.2±0.1ab	2.3±0.2a
矮圆柱形 SC	7±0b	8±2c	6±3c	69±8ab	64±19b	51±6b	2.4±0.3ab	2.3±0.5a	2.2±0.5a
细长纺锤形 SS	13±2a	18±5a	33±2a	53±21ab	53±12b	33±13b	1.3±0.2c	1.2±0.3c	1.1±0.1c

因素 Factor		平均光截获量 ALI (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
因素 Factor		圆柱形C	窄圆柱形NC	矮圆柱形SC	细长纺锤形SS
树形 Canopy shape		375±25C	430±27B	413±25BC	514±31A
高度 Height (cm)	70	137±11Cd	132±12Cd	171±14Bc	276±19Ac
	120	151±12Ccd	177±13Cd	227±15Bc	348±22Ac
	170	253±18Dcd	301±21Cc	417±25Ab	352±23Bc
	220	282±20Dc	364±25Cc	485±28Bb	541±32Ab
	270	450±28Cb	641±36Bb	763±42Aa	642±40Bb
	320	973±55Aa	966±53Aa	——	925±54Aa
离主干距离 Distance from trunk (cm)	0	237±17Cb	346±21Ab	286±18Bb	360±23Ac
	50	315±21Cb	377±25Bb	339±22BCb	485±30Ab
	100	572±34Ba	568±34Ba	613±35Ba	698±42Aa
方位 Direction	东北 Northeast	326±22Cbc	377±23Babc	493±27Aab	487±29Abc
	东 East	195±14Cc	366±22Abc	262±19Bc	369±23Acd
	东南 Southeast	471±28Bab	455±28Bab	470±29Bab	645±38Aab
	南 South	566±33Ba	544±32Ba	563±32Ba	755±44Aa
	西南 Southwest	414±27Cab	463±29BCab	494±27Bab	602±36Aab
	西 West	170±13Cc	286±21ABc	269±17Bc	319±22Ad
	西北 Northwest	376±24BCb	468±30Aab	363±22Cbc	414±27Bcd
	北 North	479±29Aab	482±31Aab	387±24Babc	521±33Abc
时间 Time	10:00	303±26Bb	319±25Bb	382±28Ab	413±33Ab
	12:00	510±29Ca	497±27Ca	603±26Ba	739±40Aa
	14:00	507±29Ca	580±34Ba	533±28BCa	832±43Aa
	16:00	602±32Ba	616±34Ba	591±32Ba	716±40Aa
	18:00	253±21Cb	487±32Aa	304±27Bb	275±24BCc
	20:00	72±8BCc	83±9Bc	62±8Cc	109±9Ad

树形 Canopy shape	平均光截获量 Average light interception (t)	R²	累积光截获量 Cumulative light interception (mol·m^-2)	光能截获率 Light interception rate (%)	低光区占比 Proportion of low light area (%)	群体CLI Group CLI (mol/667 m²)
圆柱形 C	ALI=-2398.857+419.021t-14.839t²	0.901	16.2±1.1c	24.3±0.5c	69.4±1.2a	2709±182c
窄圆柱形 NC	ALI=-2897.143+486.532t-16.777t²	0.951	18.6±1.2b	29.0±0.4b	60.1±1.6c	3108±192b
矮圆柱形 SC	ALI=-2102.286+395.277t-14.397t²	0.924	18.2±1.1bc	23.6±0.5c	63.7±1.3b	3032±184bc
细长纺锤形 SS	ALI=-3214.286+572.279t-20.518t²	0.902	22.2±1.3a	35.6±0.2a	50.9±2.2d	3712±225a