氮肥减量后移改善植株光合特性提高麦-玉周年产量及经济效益

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (5): 868-884.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

氮肥减量后移改善植株光合特性提高麦-玉周年产量及经济效益

赵凯男¹(), 丁豪¹^,², 刘阿康³, 姜宗昊⁴, 陈广周¹, 冯波¹, 王宗帅¹, 李华伟¹, 司纪升¹, 张宾¹, 毕香君¹, 李勇⁵, 李升东¹(), 王法宏¹

¹ 山东省农业科学院作物研究所，济南250100
² 青岛农业大学农学院，山东青岛266109
³ 全国农业技术推广服务中心粮食作物技术处，北京 100125
⁴ 山东省种子管理总站，济南250100
⁵ 山东农业大学农学院，山东泰安271018

收稿日期:2023-09-13 接受日期:2023-10-24 出版日期:2024-03-01 发布日期:2024-03-06
通信作者:
李升东，E-mail：lsd01@163.com
联系方式: 赵凯男，E-mail：575611817@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-03-22)

Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Postponing for Improving Plant Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics to Increase Wheat- Maize and Annual Yield and Economic Return

ZHAO KaiNan¹(), DING Hao¹^,², LIU AKang³, JIANG ZongHao⁴, CHEN GuangZhou¹, FENG Bo¹, WANG ZongShuai¹, LI HuaWei¹, SI JiSheng¹, ZHANG Bin¹, BI XiangJun¹, LI Yong⁵, LI ShengDong¹(), WANG FaHong¹

¹ Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100
² College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong
³ National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center Grain Crop Technology Division, Beijing 100125
⁴ Shandong Seed Administration Station, Jinan 250100
⁵ College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong

Received:2023-09-13 Accepted:2023-10-24 Published:2024-03-01 Online:2024-03-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对黄淮海平原传统施氮技术下，小麦-玉米两熟体系作物生育后期土壤氮肥供应不足导致籽粒减产等问题，探讨氮肥减量后移对植株光合特性、干物质积累及周年籽粒产量和经济效益的影响，为进一步优化施氮制度提供理论依据。【方法】2020—2023年，于山东济阳典型麦-玉两熟种植区，设置周年施氮400 kg·hm^-2传统农户处理（CK，小麦季200 kg·hm^-2：65%基肥+35%返青肥，玉米季200 kg·hm^-2：100%基肥）、周年减氮10%（SN，小麦季180 kg·hm^-2：50%基肥+50%返青肥，玉米季180 kg·hm^-2：100%基肥）、周年减氮20%（NH，小麦季180 kg·hm^-2：22.2%基肥+33.3%返青肥+44.5%抽穗肥，玉米季140 kg·hm^-2：28.6%基肥+71.4%大喇叭口肥）和周年减氮30%（NL，小麦季140 kg·hm^-2：43%返青肥+57%抽穗肥，玉米季140 kg·hm^-2：100%大喇叭口肥）4种施氮制度，研究不同施氮制度下麦-玉两熟体系的光合特性、籽粒产量和经济效益。【结果】氮肥后移优化了氮肥减量条件下作物光合特性，其中，叶面积指数3年均值，小麦拔节和开花期NL较CK、SN和NH处理分别显著提高19.0%—40.1%和21.6%—36.7%，夏玉米吐丝期NL较CK和SN处理显著提高6.8%—7.3%；叶片SPAD值3年均值，冬小麦拔节和开花期NL较CK、SN处理分别显著提高7.7%—10.0%和7.4%—12.9%，灌浆中期NL较CK、SN和NH处理显著提高5.2%—16.2%；夏玉米大喇叭口期NL和NH较CK、SN处理3年均值分别显著提高9.0%—9.4%和6.7%—7.1%，吐丝和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN和NH分别显著提高5.1%—9.4%和4.1%—9.2%；净光合速率3年均值，小麦拔节、开花和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN处理分别提高8.9%—13.3%、14.0%—18.1%和20.1%—24.4%；夏玉米大喇叭口、吐丝和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN处理分别提高4.2%—5.7%、8.7%—13.4%和7.7%—12.8%。NL处理通过增加氮肥后移量，改善了各生育阶段地上部干物质积累强度，稳定或提高了各生育时期地上部干物质积累量，冬小麦拔节、开花和成熟期地上部干物质积累量的3年均值较CK分别显著提高26.7%、27.4%和18.1%，夏玉米吐丝期显著提高14.4%。氮肥后移通过改善氮肥减量条件下光合特性，促进了各生育时期地上部干物质积累，最终实现冬小麦、夏玉米及周年籽粒产量的3年均值，NL较CK处理分别显著提高20.5%、18.1%和19.1%，经济效益分别显著提高32.4%、23.8%和27.9%。【结论】黄淮海平原麦-玉两熟体系，周年减氮30%制度下通过增加氮肥后移量，改善了作物光合特性（叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和净光合速率），优化了各生育阶段地上部干物质积累强度和干物质积累量，从而促进冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产和经济效益的提高。

关键词: 周年减氮, 氮肥后移, 麦-玉两熟制, 籽粒产量, 经济效益, 光合特性

Abstract:

【Objective】Under the traditional nitrogen (N) fertilizer application technology in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, insufficient soil N supply in the late growth stages of the wheat-maize double cropping system has resulted in significant yield reduction issues. In this study, the effects of N fertilizer reduction and postponing on plant photosynthetic physiological characteristics, aboveground dry matter accumulation, annual grain yield, and economic benefits were investigated, in order to provide the theoretical basis for further optimization of N fertilizer management.【Method】From 2020 to 2023, the field experiment was conducted in the typical wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The following treatments are set up in the experiment: annual N fertilizer application 400 kg·hm^-2of traditional farmer treatment (CK, wheat season 200 kg·hm^-2: 65% basal fertilizer+35% regreening fertilizer, maize season 200 kg·hm^-2: 100% basal fertilizer), 10% reduction of annual N fertilizer (SN, wheat season 180 kg·hm^-2: 50% basal fertilizer+50% regreening fertilizer, maize season 180 kg·hm^-2: 100% basal fertilizer), 20% reduction of annual N fertilizer (NH, wheat season 180 kg·hm^-2: 22.2% basal fertilizer+33.3% regreening fertilizer+44.5% heading fertilizer, maize season 140 kg·hm^-2: 28.6% basal fertilizer+71.4% pre-tasseling fertilizer), and 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer (NL, wheat season 140 kg·hm^-2: 43% regreening fertilizer+57% heading fertilizer, maize season 140 kg·hm^-2: 100% pre-tasseling fertilizer). The photosynthetic physiological characteristic, grain yield, and economic benefits of the wheat-maize double cropping system were tested. 【Result】Under the condition of N reduction, the photosynthetic physiological characteristic of crops were optimized by N fertilizer postponing. Averaged across the three years, NL significantly increased leaf area index by 19.0%-40.1% and 21.6%-36.7% at jointing and anthesis of winter wheat, respectively, compared with CK, SN, and NH treatments. Meanwhile, NL was 6.8%-7.3% higher at silking of summer maize than CK and SN. Similarity, for winter wheat, averaged across the three years, NL significantly increased SPAD value by 7.7%-10.0% and 7.4%-12.9% at jointing and anthesis, respectively, compared with CK and SN. Additionally, it showed a 5.2%-16.2% increase at mid-filling compared with CK, SN, and NH, respectively. Meanwhile NL and NH were 9.0%-9.4% and 6.7%-7.1% higher at pre-tasseling of summer maize, respectively, compared with CK and SN, and 5.1%-9.4% and 4.1%-9.2%at silking and mid-filling under NL treatment, respectively, compared with CK, SN, and NH. Averaged across the three years, NL significantly increased Pn by 8.9%-13.3%, 14.0%-18.1%, and 20.1%-24.4% at jointing, anthesis, and mid-filling of winter wheat, respectively, compared with CK and SN. Meanwhile NL was 4.2%-5.7%, 8.7%-13.4%, and 7.7%-12.8% higher at pre-tasseling, silking, and mid-filling, respectively, compared with CK, SN, and NH, respectively. NL treatment improved the aboveground dry matter accumulation rate and stabilized or increased the aboveground dry matter accumulation at different growth stages by N fertilizer postponing. Average across the three years, the aboveground dry matter under NL significantly increased by 26.7%, 27.4%, and 18.1% at jointing, anthesis, and maturity of winter wheat, respectively, compared with CK. Additionally, there was a 14.4% increase in dry matter accumulation at silking of summer maize under NL compared with CK. N fertilizer postponing improved the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and promoted aboveground dry matter accumulation at each growth stage under the condition of N reduction, and increased winter wheat, summer maize, and annual grain yield and economic benefits. Compared with CK, the results averaged from 2020 to 2023 showed that NL treatment significantly increased the grain yield and economic benefits by 20.5%, 18.1%, 19.1% and 32.4%, 23.8%, 27.9%, respectively.【Conclusion】In the wheat-maize double cropping system on Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer by N fertilizer postponing could optimize crops photosynthetic physiological characteristics (such as leaf area index, leaf SPAD value, and Pn), as well as enhance aboveground dry matter accumulation rate, and aboveground dry matter accumulation at different growth stages. This would ultimately lead to improved winter wheat, summer maize, and annual grain yield, resulting in enhanced economic benefits.

Key words: annual N fertilizer reduction, N fertilizer postponing, wheat-maize double cropping system, grain yield, economic return, photosynthetic physiological characteristics

赵凯男, 丁豪, 刘阿康, 姜宗昊, 陈广周, 冯波, 王宗帅, 李华伟, 司纪升, 张宾, 毕香君, 李勇, 李升东, 王法宏. 氮肥减量后移改善植株光合特性提高麦-玉周年产量及经济效益[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(5): 868-884.

ZHAO KaiNan, DING Hao, LIU AKang, JIANG ZongHao, CHEN GuangZhou, FENG Bo, WANG ZongShuai, LI HuaWei, SI JiSheng, ZHANG Bin, BI XiangJun, LI Yong, LI ShengDong, WANG FaHong. Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Postponing for Improving Plant Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics to Increase Wheat- Maize and Annual Yield and Economic Return[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 868-884.

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处理 Treatment	氮肥总量 Total N fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	小麦季 Winter wheat season			玉米季 Summer maize season
		基肥 Bottom fertilizer	返青追肥 Regreening fertilizer	抽穗追肥 Heading fertilizer	基肥 Bottom fertilizer	大喇叭口追肥 Big trumpet fertilizer
		周年施氮400 kg·hm^-2 Annual N fertilizer application 400 kg·hm^-2(CK)	400	130	70	0	200	0
周年减氮10% 10% reduction of annual N fertilizer (SN)	360	90	90	0	180	0
周年减氮20% 20% reduction of annual N fertilizer (NH)	320	40	60	80	40	100
周年减氮30% 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer (NL)	280	0	60	80	0	140

作物 Crops	处理 Treatment	种子及肥料 Seed and fertilizers (Yuan/kg)					灌溉、机械及药剂 Irrigation, machine, and herbicide (Yuan/hm²)
		种子价格 Seed price	尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Triple superphosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate	作物单价 Crop price	灌溉 Irrigation	耕作 Tillage	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvest	除草剂 Herbicide
		冬小麦 Winter wheat	CK	2.5	1.8	3.5	5	2.7	900	675	600	900	450
SN	2.5		1.8	3.5	5	2.7	900	675	600	900	450
NL	2.5		1.8	3.5	5	2.7	900	675	600	900	450
NH	2.5		1.8	3.5	5	2.7	900	675	600	900	450
夏玉米Summer maize	CK	15	1.8	3.5	5	1.6	0	0	750	900	450
	SN	15	1.8	3.5	5	1.6	0	0	750	900	450
	NL	15	1.8	3.5	5	1.6	0	0	750	900	450
	NH	15	1.8	3.5	5	1.6	0	0	750	900	450

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	冬小麦 Winter wheat	夏玉米 Summer maize	周年 Annual
2020-2021(2020)	CK	8447±88.1b	9300±215.2c	17747±228.8c
	SN	8907±385.2ab	9610±138.4bc	18517±500.5bc
	NL	9949±187.3a	10823±328.1a	20772±539.7a
	NH	9243±449.4ab	10395±232.6ab	19638±780.9ab
2021-2022(2021)	CK	8382±99.0b	8606±201.1b	16988±226.0c
	SN	8619±416.5b	9736±168.5ab	18355±606.3b
	NL	9618±236.2a	10763±280.1a	20381±477.5a
	NH	9074±116.0ab	10354±356.2a	19429±478.1ab
2022-2023(2022)	CK	5300±260.9c	8801±38.8c	14101±490.5c
	SN	5934±152.9b	9527±154.2b	15461±417.7b
	NL	7056±96.2a	9949±163.0a	17005±327.2a
	NH	6432±128.8b	9778±136.5ab	16211±358.9ab
3年平均 3-year average	CK	7367±146.3 c	8902±201.8c	16279±289.7c
	SN	7820±474.1b	9624±159.8b	17444±695.3b
	NL	8874±286.9a	10512±359.7a	19386±677.6a
	NH	8250±200.3b	10175±273.6a	18426±336.9ab

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	冬小麦 Winter wheat	夏玉米 Summer maize	周年 Annual
2020-2021 (2020)	CK	16081±237.3c	15323±539.6c	31404±321.6c
	SN	17400±1041.3bc	16021±400.7bc	33421±2046.5bc
	NL	20371±506.5a	18604±1238.2a	38975±1188.4a
	NH	20659±1214.2ab	17435±1148.5ab	35744±3132.9ab
2021-2022 (2021)	CK	15906±91.8c	13935±728.6c	29841±790.7c
	SN	16624±1123.8bc	16273±682.8b	32897±2602.7b
	NL	19476±638.4a	18484±980.8a	37960±1916.8a
	NH	17854±314.5ab	17353±1260.2ab	35207±1795.7ab
2022-2023 (2022)	CK	7583±704.5c	14324±77.7c	21907±1198.0d
	SN	9374±413.0b	15855±308.4b	25228±570.6c
	NL	12559±259.6a	16856±326.0a	29414±770.2a
	NH	10719±347.7b	16201±273.0b	26921±805.2b
3年平均 3-year average	CK	13190±394.9d	14527±402.7c	27718±263.3d
	SN	14466±1280.1c	16050±319.7b	30516±1599.2c
	NL	17469±774.8a	17981±719.5a	35450±1233.1a
	NH	15627±540.8b	16997±547.2ab	32624±915.0b

氮肥减量后移改善植株光合特性提高麦-玉周年产量及经济效益

Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Postponing for Improving Plant Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics to Increase Wheat- Maize and Annual Yield and Economic Return

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