山东省作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿有机肥资源现状及替代化肥潜力分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】计算作物秸秆、畜禽粪尿资源数量及养分总量，分析其替代化肥潜力，为统筹与合理利用全省有机肥资源提供数据支撑。【方法】对不同作物（小麦、玉米、水稻/稻谷、大豆、马铃薯、花生和棉花）和畜禽（牛、猪、羊、家禽和兔），利用草谷比和排泄系数法，估算山东省2016-2020年作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿资源总量及养分总量，分析变化趋势，计算不同区域和种类有机肥替代化肥潜力。【结果】（1）2020年全省作物秸秆资源总量为7 616.8×10⁴ t，养分总量为163.2×10⁴ t， N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分量分别为63.6×10⁴、9.2×10⁴和90.5×10⁴ t。秸秆养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为42.9%，实际替代化肥潜力为20.9%;秸秆中N、P₂O₅、K₂O资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为35.3%、9.0%和92.2%，实际替代化肥潜力分别为12.5%、4.2%和53.7%;2016-2020年作物秸秆资源总量增加了16.8%。（2）2020年全省畜禽粪尿资源总量为9 131.2×10⁴ t，养分总量为82.7×10⁴ t，N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分量分别为35.2×10⁴、11.7×10⁴和35.7×10⁴ t。畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为21.7%，实际替代化肥潜力为19.5%;畜禽粪尿中N、P₂O₅、K₂O资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为19.6%、11.4%和36.4%，实际替代化肥潜力分别为17.7%、10.3%和32.9%;2016-2020年畜禽粪尿资源总量减少了25.4%。（3）不同区域作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力大小为鲁西和鲁北>鲁南>鲁中南>鲁中>鲁东地区。鲁西和鲁北、鲁南地区最高，分别为77.0%和75.6%;鲁东地区最低，为46.5%。其中德州潜力最大，为95.3%，其次是东营、滨州，分别为92.6%和91.2%;烟台和威海最小，分别为35.5%和40.6%。（4）不同作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为玉米秸秆（16.7%）>小麦秸秆（16.2%）>马铃薯秸秆（4.9%）>花生秸秆（3.6%）>水稻秸秆（0.7%）>棉花秸秆（0.4%）、大豆秸秆（0.4%），牛粪尿（8.7%）>猪粪尿（6.5%）>羊粪尿（3.2%）、家禽粪（3.2%）>兔粪（0.1%）。【结论】2020年全省作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿资源总量为16 748.0×10⁴ t，养分总量为245.9×10⁴ t。作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为64.6%，实际替代化肥潜力为40.4%。作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿中氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为54.8%、20.4%和128.6%，实际替代化肥潜力分别为30.2%、14.5%和86.6%。鲁西、鲁北以及鲁南地区作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿有机肥资源非常丰富，鲁中、鲁东地区相对较少;玉米和小麦等作物秸秆有机肥资源较多，牛和猪等畜禽粪尿有机肥资源较多，高效合理利用作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿等有机肥资源，是实现化肥减施增效的重要保障。

关键词: 作物秸秆, 畜禽粪尿, 有机肥资源, 替代化肥潜力, 山东省

Abstract:

【Objective】The quantity and total nutrient of crop straw, livestock and poultry manure resources were calculated, and their potential to replace chemical fertilizers was estimated, so as to provide the data support for the overall and rational utilization of organic fertilizer resources in Shandong. 【Method】Based on the crops (wheat, corn, rice/rice, soybean, potato, peanut and cotton) and livestock/poultry (cattle, pig, sheep, poultry and rabbit), the grass-grain ratio and excretion coefficient methods were used to calculate the total amounts of organic fertilizer and total nutrients in Shandong in 2020, and the potential of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer was estimated. 【Result】 (1) In 2020, the total amount of straw resources was 7 616.8×10⁴ t, and the total amount of nutrients was 163.2×10⁴ t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of straw nutrients to replace chemical fertilizers was 42.9%, while the actual potential was 20.9%. The theoretical potential of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in straw to replace chemical fertilizers was 35.3%, 9.0% and 92.2%, respectively, while the actual potential was 12.5%, 4.2% and 53.7%, respectively. The total amount of straw resources increased by 16.8% from 2016 to 2020. (2) In 2020, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure resources was 9 131.2×10⁴ t, the total amount of nutrients was 82.7×10⁴ t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of livestock and poultry manure nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizers was 21.7%, and the actual potential was 19.5%; the theoretical substitution potential of N, P₂O₅and K₂O resources in livestock manure was 19.6%, 11.4% and 36.4%, respectively, while the actual substitution potential was 17.7%, 10.3% and 32.9%, respectively. From 2016 to 2020, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure resources decreased by 25.4%. (3) The theoretical potential of crop straw and livestock manure nutrients in different regions of Shandong to replace chemical fertilizers was as followed: Northwest Shandong>South Shandong>South Central Shandong>Central Shandong>East Shandong. Northwest Shandong and South Shandong were with the highest potential of 77.0% and 75.6%, respectively; East Shandong was with the lowest of 46.5%. Among them, Dezhou had the greatest potential of 95.3%, followed by 92.6% of Dongying and 91.2% of Binzhou. Yantai and Weihai were with the smallest of 35.5% and 40.6%, respectively. (4) The theoretical potential of different types of resources of crop straw and livestock/poultry manure nutrients to replace chemical fertilizers were as followed: corn (16.7%)>wheat (16.2%)>potato (4.9%)>peanut (3.6%)>rice (0.7%)>cotton (0.4%), soybean (0.4%)>cow manure (8.7%)>pig manure (6.5%)>sheep manure (3.2%)>poultry manure (3.2%)>rabbit manure (0.1%).【Conclusion】In 2020, the total amount of straw and livestock manure resources was 16 748.0×10⁴ t, and the total amount of nutrients was 245.9×10⁴ t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of straw and livestock manure nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizers was 64.6%, and the actual potential was 40.4%. The theoretical substitution potential of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in straw and livestock manure was 54.8%, 20.4% and 128.6%, respectively, and the actual substitution potential was 30.2%, 14.5% and 86.6%, respectively. The organic fertilizer resources of crop straw and livestock manure in western, northern and southern Shandong were very rich, while those in central and eastern Shandong were relatively few. There were more organic fertilizer resources of crop straws, such as corn and wheat, and more organic fertilizer resources of livestock, and poultry manure, such as cattle and pigs. Efficient and rational use of organic fertilizer resources, such as crop straws and livestock and poultry manure, was an important guarantee for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency.

Key words: crop straw, livestock manure, organic fertilizer resource, potential to replace chemical fertilizer, Shandong Province

马荣辉, 杨武杰, 于蕾, 杨泽龙, 王健, 郭跃升. 山东省作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿有机肥资源现状及替代化肥潜力分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(4): 721-739.

MA RongHui, YANG WuJie, YU Lei, YANG ZeLong, WANG Jian, GUO YueSheng. Investigation on Potential of Replacing Chemical Fertilizer for Crop Straw and Livestock Manure Organic Fertilizer in Shandong Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(4): 721-739.

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区域Region	地市City
鲁东地区 East Shandong	青岛、烟台、威海 Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai
鲁南地区 South Shandong	日照、临沂 Rizhao, Linyi
鲁中南地区 South Central Shandong	枣庄、济宁、泰安 Zaozhuang, Jining, Taian
鲁中地区 Central Shandong	济南、淄博、潍坊 Jinan, Zibo, Weifang
鲁西和鲁北地区 North and West Shandong	东营、德州、聊城、滨州、菏泽 Dongying, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou, Heze

作物 Crop	草谷比 Straw/grain	秸秆养分含量 Nutrient contents in straw (%)			养分当季释放率 Percent of in-season nutrient release from straw (%)
作物 Crop	草谷比 Straw/grain	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
小麦Wheat	1.34	0.54	0.09	1.16	50.11	62.01	89.05
玉米Maize	1.23	0.89	0.11	0.99	54.04	73.03	84.43
水稻/稻谷Rice	0.97	0.82	0.13	1.90	47.19	66.69	84.91
大豆Soybean	1.53	0.89	0.09	0.64	52.06	54.41	84.30
马铃薯Potato	0.50	2.35	0.49	2.76	51.61	81.00	76.90
花生Peanut	1.41	1.64	0.15	1.56	51.61	66.50	85.82
棉花Cotton	2.82	0.85	0.22	1.63	45.11	31.85	96.33

畜禽种类 Livestock	饲养周期 Feeding period (d)	粪便Excrement				尿液Urine
畜禽种类 Livestock	饲养周期 Feeding period (d)	排泄量系数Excretion (kg·d^-1)	N (%)	P₂O₅(%)	K₂O (%)	排泄量系数Excretion (kg·d^-1)	N (%)	P₂O₅(%)	K₂O (%)
牛Cattle	>365	24.87	0.38	0.10	0.24	11.7	0.51	0.02	0.92
猪Pig	192	2.71	0.55	0.26	0.30	3.86	0.18	0.02	0.16
羊Sheep	>365	2.09	1.01	0.22	0.54	0.64	0.70	0.03	0.77
家禽Poultry	67	0.12	0.81	0.37	0.62	-	-	-	-
兔Rabbit	90	0.20	0.87	0.30	0.66	-	-	-	-

	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	水稻/稻谷 Rice	大豆 Soybean	马铃薯 Potato	花生 Peanut	棉花 Cotton
秸秆资源量Straw resource（×10⁴ t）	3442.3	3192.3	95.8	84.9	335.3	404.2	62.0
秸秆养分量Straw nutrient content（×10⁴ t）	61.6	63.5	2.7	1.4	18.8	13.5	1.7

	牛 Cattle	猪 Pig	羊 Sheep	家禽 Poultry	兔 Rabbit
畜禽粪尿资源量Livestock manure resources（×10⁴ t）	3484.9	3701.0	1258.1	672.5	14.7
畜禽粪尿养分量Livestock manure nutrient contents（×10⁴ t）	33.2	24.8	12.3	12.1	0.3