中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (18): 3752-3763.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.18.011
丁尚1(),付阳2,郭浩浩1,宋晨阳1,李博玲3,赵洪伟1(
)
收稿日期:
2019-12-13
接受日期:
2019-12-30
出版日期:
2020-09-16
发布日期:
2020-09-25
通讯作者:
赵洪伟
作者简介:
丁尚,E-mail: 基金资助:
DING Shang1(),FU Yang2,GUO HaoHao1,SONG ChenYang1,LI BoLing3,ZHAO HongWei1(
)
Received:
2019-12-13
Accepted:
2019-12-30
Online:
2020-09-16
Published:
2020-09-25
Contact:
HongWei ZHAO
摘要:
【目的】揭示海南畜禽养殖业发展过程中粪尿氮磷养分流动情况及其对环境的影响,为区域农业发展规划和畜禽养殖结构调整提供参考。【方法】基于统计资料和文献数据,定量估算1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿养分产生量、单位耕地面积养分承载量,并利用畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数深入分析其对环境的影响,当畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值<0.4时,可认为对环境无威胁,而当环境风险指数在1.00以下时,对环境的风险可忽略,在安全数值以上即会对环境产生不同程度的影响。【结果】1988—2018年间,海南岛畜禽粪尿产生量变化经历了3个阶段,1988—2005年整体上升,2006—2008年下降较多,此后缓慢发展并趋于稳定,到2018年畜禽粪尿产生量为10.50×106t,就养分产生量来看,粪尿氮磷年际间变化趋势相似,2005年产生量最多,2006年出现较大幅度下降,到2018年粪尿氮产生量为7.41×104 t,粪尿磷产生量为1.01×104t。单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量也经历了先增加后稳定的过程,到2018年耕地氮负荷168.80 kg·hm-2,耕地磷负荷为23.05 kg·hm-2。2018年区域间差异较大,东部和北部地区单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量较高,西部和中部地区偏低,其中氮和磷负荷最高的是定安(分别为288.50和40.35 kg·hm-2),最低的是东方(分别为61.66和8.83 kg·hm-2)。就环境效应来看,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值始终处于较高水平,大多数年份在1.0—1.5,分级标准中达到Ⅳ级,对环境有较严重的威胁。2018年,定安和澄迈等地预警值分别为2.66和4.59,预警分级达Ⅵ级,对环境有很严重的威胁,仅东方处于安全水平,数值为0.36,为Ⅰ级。就环境风险评价结果来看,海南岛耕地上畜禽粪污环境风险较高,近年随着养殖总量的控制有所降低,2018年环境风险指数下降到1.99(以氮计)和1.32(以磷计)。在区域水平上,就氮素的环境污染风险,2018年定安环境风险指数最高,为3.39,东方最低,为0.73;对于磷素的环境污染风险,东方环境风险指数最低,为0.50,可认为磷素对环境潜在威胁较低,对环境有严重影响的是定安,风险值高达2.31。总的来说,畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数均表明海南岛畜禽粪污潜在环境风险大,从空间分布看,定安、万宁等东部市(县)环境风险要高于临高、东方等西部地区,并且大多数市(县)对环境均有较高程度的威胁。【结论】受养殖规模和耕地面积影响,海南岛单位耕地面积氮负荷较高,区域潜在环境风险不容忽视。因此,未来海南岛畜禽养殖发展规划更应着眼于污染物的控制以及区域优化布局和管理上,并通过减少畜禽粪尿环境排放和循环利用模式以实现海南岛畜禽粪污的资源化利用和绿色发展。
丁尚,付阳,郭浩浩,宋晨阳,李博玲,赵洪伟. 海南岛1988—2018年畜禽粪尿氮磷负荷量及环境效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(18): 3752-3763.
DING Shang,FU Yang,GUO HaoHao,SONG ChenYang,LI BoLing,ZHAO HongWei. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads and Their Environmental Effects of Animal Manure in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(18): 3752-3763.
表1
畜禽粪尿排泄系数及养分含量"
畜禽种类 Animal category | 鲜重 Fresh weight (kg) | 生长周期 Growth period (d) | 粪尿产生量 Manure production (kg·d-1) | 氮素产生量 N production (g·d-1) | 磷素产生量 P production (g·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
猪Pig | 90 | 199 | 3.74 | 36.43 | 4.83 |
奶牛Dairy cattle | 624 | 365 | 50.99 | 353.41 | 62.46 |
肉牛Beef cattle | 316 | 365 | 23.02 | 65.93 | 10.52 |
役用牛Draft cattle | 328 | 365 | 27.63 | 139.76 | 25.99 |
羊Sheep | 35 | 365 | 0.87 | 2.15 | 0.46 |
肉鸡Chicken | 2 | 80 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.06 |
蛋鸡Egg-laying hen | 2 | 365 | 0.12 | 1.16 | 0.23 |
鸭Duck | 2 | 210 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.06 |
鹅Goose | 4 | 120 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.06 |
表2
2018年海南各地区猪粪当量负荷及对环境的威胁分级"
地区 Area | 猪粪当量 Pig manure equivalent (×104 t) | 畜禽粪尿负荷量 Load of manure (t·hm-2·a-1) | 预警值 Alarm value (R) | 预警级别 Classification level | 对环境的威胁程度 The threat to environment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
海口Haikou | 159.61 | 32.67 | 0.73 | Ⅲ | 有Medium |
三亚Sanya | 55.48 | 38.15 | 0.85 | Ⅲ | 有Medium |
五指山Wuzhishan | 14.37 | 43.93 | 0.98 | Ⅲ | 有Medium |
文昌Wenchang | 233.28 | 58.47 | 1.30 | Ⅳ | 较严重Less serious |
琼海Qionghai | 176.86 | 76.73 | 1.71 | Ⅴ | 严重Serious |
万宁Wanning | 188.79 | 98.21 | 2.18 | Ⅴ | 严重Serious |
定安Dingan | 264.48 | 119.48 | 2.66 | Ⅵ | 很严重More serious |
屯昌Tunchang | 103.73 | 77.51 | 1.72 | Ⅴ | 严重Serious |
澄迈Chengmai | 631.61 | 206.37 | 4.59 | Ⅵ | 很严重More serious |
临高Lingao | 75.57 | 23.75 | 0.53 | Ⅱ | 稍有Slight |
儋州Danzhou | 143.13 | 27.72 | 0.62 | Ⅱ | 稍有Slight |
东方Dongfang | 75.51 | 16.39 | 0.36 | Ⅰ | 无None |
乐东Ledong | 115.36 | 38.08 | 0.85 | Ⅲ | 有Medium |
琼中Qiongzhong | 28.71 | 28.66 | 0.64 | Ⅱ | 稍有Slight |
保亭Baoting | 29.18 | 48.57 | 1.08 | Ⅳ | 较严重Less serious |
陵水Lingshui | 48.05 | 40.68 | 0.90 | Ⅲ | 有Medium |
白沙Baisha | 30.61 | 26.29 | 0.58 | Ⅱ | 稍有Slight |
昌江Changjiang | 58.12 | 24.60 | 0.55 | Ⅱ | 稍有Slight |
表3
2018年各地区畜禽养殖的环境容量、实际养殖总量及污染风险指数"
地区 Area | 承载力 Loading capacity (t) | 养殖容量(万头猪当量) Feeding capacity | 实际养殖量(万头猪当量) Actual amounts | 环境风险指数 Environmental risk index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | N | P | N | P | N | P | |
海口Haikou | 8305 | 1710 | 62.46 | 96.99 | 55.44 | 56.07 | 1.78 | 1.16 |
三亚Sanya | 2472 | 509 | 18.59 | 28.87 | 20.66 | 21.29 | 2.22 | 1.48 |
五指山Wuzhishan | 556 | 115 | 4.18 | 6.50 | 5.30 | 5.53 | 2.53 | 1.70 |
文昌Wenchang | 6782 | 1396 | 51.01 | 79.21 | 48.09 | 46.45 | 1.89 | 1.17 |
琼海Qionghai | 3918 | 807 | 29.47 | 45.76 | 39.31 | 35.66 | 2.67 | 1.56 |
万宁Wanning | 3268 | 673 | 24.58 | 38.16 | 40.09 | 41.81 | 3.26 | 2.19 |
定安Dingan | 3763 | 775 | 28.30 | 43.94 | 48.03 | 50.66 | 3.39 | 2.31 |
屯昌Tunchang | 2275 | 468 | 17.11 | 26.57 | 26.92 | 28.92 | 3.15 | 2.18 |
澄迈Chengmai | 5203 | 1071 | 39.13 | 60.76 | 62.04 | 60.99 | 3.17 | 2.01 |
临高Lingao | 5410 | 1114 | 40.69 | 63.18 | 18.74 | 19.76 | 0.92 | 0.63 |
儋州Danzhou | 8777 | 1807 | 66.01 | 102.51 | 60.58 | 60.13 | 1.84 | 1.17 |
东方Dongfang | 7834 | 1613 | 58.92 | 91.49 | 21.37 | 23.09 | 0.73 | 0.50 |
乐东Ledong | 5149 | 1060 | 38.73 | 60.14 | 36.68 | 43.17 | 1.89 | 1.44 |
琼中Qiongzhong | 1703 | 351 | 12.81 | 19.88 | 11.24 | 11.74 | 1.76 | 1.18 |
保亭Baoting | 1021 | 210 | 7.68 | 11.93 | 11.09 | 11.32 | 2.89 | 1.90 |
陵水Lingshui | 2008 | 413 | 15.10 | 23.45 | 19.90 | 23.29 | 2.63 | 1.99 |
白沙Baisha | 1979 | 408 | 14.89 | 23.12 | 11.95 | 11.85 | 1.61 | 1.03 |
昌江Changjiang | 4016 | 827 | 30.20 | 46.90 | 19.41 | 21.80 | 1.29 | 0.93 |
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