湿度调控设施黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌产孢和释放规律及防治技术

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (15): 2907-2918.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.006

湿度调控设施黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌产孢和释放规律及防治技术

柴阿丽¹(), 杨红敏¹^,²(), 王少骅¹, 赵昆¹, 高苇³, 石延霞¹, 谢学文¹, 李磊¹, 范腾飞¹, 李宝聚¹()

¹ 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所/蔬菜生物育种全国重点实验室，北京 100081
² 沈阳农业大学植物保护学院，沈阳 110866
³ 天津市农业科学院植物保护研究所，天津 300381

收稿日期:2023-04-26 接受日期:2023-06-06 出版日期:2023-08-01 发布日期:2023-08-05
通信作者:
李宝聚，E-mail：libaojuivf@163.com
联系方式: 柴阿丽，E-mail：chaiali@caas.cn。杨红敏，E-mail：2575964580@qq.com。柴阿丽和杨红敏为同等贡献作者。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31972482); 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1601500); 中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS); 国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系(CARS-23)

Effect of Humidity on Sporulation and Release of Corynespora cassiicola and Control Technology

CHAI ALi¹(), YANG HongMin¹^,²(), WANG ShaoHua¹, ZHAO Kun¹, GAO Wei³, SHI YanXia¹, XIE XueWen¹, LI Lei¹, FAN TengFei¹, LI BaoJu¹()

¹ Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing 100081
² College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866
³ Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381

Received:2023-04-26 Accepted:2023-06-06 Published:2023-08-01 Online:2023-08-05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】由多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）侵染引起的棒孢叶斑病给黄瓜产业带来了巨大的经济损失。产孢和释放是多主棒孢实现再侵染的关键环节。论文旨在探究设施栽培条件下多主棒孢产孢、释放规律，湿度对多主棒孢产孢、释放的影响，以及黄瓜棒孢叶斑病防治的最佳施药方式和施药时间。【方法】通过测定黄瓜发病叶片0:00、3:00、6:00、9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00和21:00产孢量，分析多主棒孢的产孢规律；在春、夏、秋、冬不同季节，分别测定一天之内0:00、3:00、6:00、9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00、21:00时棚室空气样本中多主棒孢浓度，分析多主棒孢释放的日变化规律；在人工气候暴露仓和塑料拱棚内，分别设置持续高湿（相对湿度>90%，24 h）、持续干燥（相对湿度<60%，24 h）、先高湿12 h后干燥12 h、先干燥12 h后高湿12 h等不同的湿度水平，研究不同湿度条件对多主棒孢产孢、释放的影响。比较60%多菌灵·乙霉威可湿性粉剂和5亿活菌/g荧光假单胞杆菌可湿性粉剂，喷雾法和弥粉法施药方式，不同施药时间对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的防治效果和对空间病原菌的杀灭效果。【结果】多主棒孢产孢、释放数据显示，一天内不同时间，黄瓜发病叶片病斑产孢量和棚室空间孢子浓度均存在显著性差异，而且二者存在此消彼长的互补关系。夜间18:00之后，随着高湿（相对湿度>90%）持续时间延长，叶片病斑产孢量增大，次日早上6:00病斑孢子数达峰值1 344个孢子/cm²；开风口后，棚室内湿度降低（相对湿度<60%），孢子释放到棚室空间，中午12:00空气中多主棒孢浓度达峰值12 445—110 697个孢子/m³。不同季节棚室空间多主棒孢孢子浓度日变化规律一致，均表现为夜间高湿（相对湿度>90%）产孢、白天低湿（相对湿度<60%）释放的趋势。在人工气候暴露仓和塑料拱棚内，干湿交替条件下多主棒孢的产孢、释放量更高，病情扩展更快，显著高于持续高湿或持续干燥条件。用60%多菌灵·乙霉威可湿性粉剂和5亿活菌/g荧光假单胞杆菌可湿性粉剂在傍晚19:00弥粉法施药，对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病防治效果最好，分别达到80.60%和75.08%，对空间病原菌的杀灭效果达84%以上。【结论】湿度是影响多主棒孢产孢和释放的关键环境因子，设施栽培干湿交替环境加快了多主棒孢的传播和扩散，弥粉法施药的防治效果优于喷雾施药，最佳施药时间为孢子大量繁殖前的傍晚或晚上。研究结果有助于制定黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的高效防控策略。

关键词: 黄瓜棒孢叶斑病, 多主棒孢, 湿度, 产孢, 释放, 弥粉法施药, 施药时间

Abstract:

【Objective】 Cucumber target leaf spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, has brought great economic losses to the cucumber industry. Sporulation and release of C. cassiicola spores play a significant role in the epidemiology of the disease. In this study, the regularity and the effect of humidity on sporulation and release of C. cassiicola, and the optimal application method and time for control of cucumber target leaf spot were evaluated.【Method】 The sporulation regularity of C. cassiicola was evaluated by quantifying the spore concentration on lesions of diseased cucumber leaves at 0: 00, 3: 00, 6: 00, 9: 00, 12: 00, 15: 00, 18: 00, and 21: 00, respectively. The release regularity of C. cassiicola was evaluated in different seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, air samples were collected from naturally infested cucumber greenhouse at 0: 00, 3: 00, 6: 00, 9: 00, 12: 00, 15: 00, 18: 00, and 21: 00, respectively, and the concentrations of C. cassiicola in the air were evaluated. The effect of relative humidity on sporulation and release of C. cassiicola was also assessed in artificial climate exposure chambers and plastic greenhouses at four different humidity conditions of continuous high humidity (RH>90%, 24 h), continuous low humidity (RH<60%, 24 h), high humidity for 12 h followed by low humidity for 12 h, and low humidity for 12 h followed by high humidity for 12 h. The control efficiency of 60% carbendazim·diethofencarb wettable powder (WP) and 500 million spores/g Pseudomonas fluorescens WP on cucumber target leaf spot disease was compared, by using powder spraying and water spraying at different application times in the field.【Result】 The study on the daily variation regularity of sporulation and release of C. cassiicola showed significant differences in the quantity of spores on diseased leaves and in the greenhouse air at different times of the day. There was a complementary relationship between the number of spores on diseased leaves and in the greenhouse air at the same time. After 18: 00, as the duration of high humidity (RH>90%) prolonged, the number of spores on diseased leaves increased, reaching a peak of 1 344 spores/cm² at 6: 00 the next day. Then, the humidity decreased gradually to RH<60% after opening the air vent of the greenhouse, and spores were released into the greenhouse space. At 12: 00, the spore concentrations in the greenhouse air reached a peak of 12 445-110 697 spores/m³. In different seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, the daily variation regularity of sporulation and release is consistent, showing that C. cassiicola produced a large amount of spores under high humidity (RH>90%) at night, and released to greenhouses under low humidity (RH<60%) during the day. In artificial climate exposure chambers and plastic greenhouses, the highest quantity of C. cassiicola spores was detected under alternating wet and dry conditions, which was significantly higher than that under continuous high humidity or continuous low humidity condition. By powder spraying at 19: 00, 60% carbendazim·diethofencarb WP and 500 million spores/g P. fluorescens WP gave the best control efficiency of 80.60% and 75.08%, respectively, and the spore inhibition efficiency was higher than 84%.【Conclusion】 Humidity is a key environmental factor affecting the spore reproduction and release of C. cassiicola. The alternating day-dry and night-wet environment in the greenhouse promotes the reproduction and diffusion of C. cassiicola, and accelerates the spread of cucumber target leaf spot. Powder spraying method is better than water spraying method for disease control, and the best application time is the evening before spore reproduction. The results of this study will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of cucumber target leaf spot.

Key words: cucumber target leaf spot, Corynespora cassiicola, humidity, sporulation, release, powder spraying, application time

柴阿丽, 杨红敏, 王少骅, 赵昆, 高苇, 石延霞, 谢学文, 李磊, 范腾飞, 李宝聚. 湿度调控设施黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌产孢和释放规律及防治技术[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(15): 2907-2918.

CHAI ALi, YANG HongMin, WANG ShaoHua, ZHAO Kun, GAO Wei, SHI YanXia, XIE XueWen, LI Lei, FAN TengFei, LI BaoJu. Effect of Humidity on Sporulation and Release of Corynespora cassiicola and Control Technology[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(15): 2907-2918.

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时间 Time	孢子浓度Spore concentration (spores/m³)								病情指数 Disease index
时间 Time	0：00	3：00	6：00	9：00	12：00	15：00	18：00	21：00	病情指数 Disease index
春（2021年5月） Spring (2021-05)	823±44	971±171	3309±531	12943±763	23368±159	11016±2	3335±213	1723±579	43.20
夏（2021年8月） Summer (2021-08)	779±46	1001±201	55629±853	72313±823	110697±685	82148±172	69252±150	33653±135	59.82
秋（2021年11月） Autumn (2021-11)	823±48	1201±180	16880 ±994	46883±910	64882±990	31170±991	4755±908	2378±780	53.85
冬（2022年2月） Winter (2022-02)	780±50	960±45	1683±835	5600±667	12445±774	1804±541	861±29	31±5	39.46

药剂 Fungicide	施药方式 Application method	施药时间 Application time	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficiency (%)	孢子浓度 Spore concentration (spores/m³)	孢子灭杀效果 Spore killing efficiency (%)
60%多菌灵·乙霉威可湿性粉剂 Carbendazim + Diethofencarb 60% WP	弥粉法施药 Powder spraying	8：00	25.08	63.45±5.28c	4727±529	71.81c
		16：00	17.40	74.64±8.78b	4111±110	75.48b
		19：00	13.31	80.60±4.22a	2662±268	84.12a
	喷雾法施药 Water spraying	8：00	40.08	41.58±4.61d	7023±435	58.12d
		16：00	39.62	42.26±3.58d	7485±336	55.36de
		19：00	38.80	43.45±4.24d	7961±1068	52.52e
5亿孢子/g荧光假单胞杆菌可湿性粉剂 Pseudomonas fluorescens 500 million spores/g WP	弥粉法施药 Powder spraying	8：00	28.04	59.13±1.99c	4648±60	72.28c
		16：00	23.23	66.14±2.50b	3575±160	78.68b
		19：00	17.10	75.08±2.74a	2382±670	85.80a
	喷雾法施药 Water spraying	8：00	42.06	38.69±9.54d	5900±448	64.81d
		16：00	40.71	40.67±8.50d	5602±477	66.59d
		19：00	40.10	41.55±5.05d	4941±272	70.53cd
不施药对照Control	—	—	68.61	—	16768±2640	—

湿度调控设施黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌产孢和释放规律及防治技术

Effect of Humidity on Sporulation and Release of Corynespora cassiicola and Control Technology

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