中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (13): 2584-2597.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国北方麦区小麦生产的化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状及其减用潜力

魏蕾1(),米晓田1,孙利谦1,李昭敏1,石美1(),何刚1(),王朝辉1,2   

  1. 1西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
    2西北农林科技大学旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-26 接受日期:2021-07-25 出版日期:2022-07-01 发布日期:2022-07-08
  • 通讯作者: 石美,何刚
  • 作者简介:魏蕾,E-mail: weilei106@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900700);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408);国家自然科学基金(31902120)

Current Status of Chemical Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Irrigation Water and Their Reducing Potentials in Wheat Production of Northern China

WEI Lei1(),MI XiaoTian1,SUN LiQian1,LI ZhaoMin1,SHI Mei1(),HE Gang1(),WANG ZhaoHui1,2   

  1. 1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Ago- environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    2State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2021-04-26 Accepted:2021-07-25 Online:2022-07-01 Published:2022-07-08
  • Contact: Mei SHI,Gang HE

摘要:

【目的】化学品和灌溉水资源的不合理使用是限制小麦生产的重要因子。本研究旨在查明我国北方麦区小麦生产化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状及其减施潜力,并尝试阐述农田经营规模对小麦生产的影响,为小麦可持续生产提供参考依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在我国北方七省开展的大范围小麦生产中化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状,基于小麦产量形成的养分需求评估北方麦区的化肥减施潜力、基于标准推荐用药量评估农药减施潜力、基于Penman-Monteith估算节水潜力,并尝试分析农田经营规模对小麦产量、化肥和灌溉水投入成本的影响。【结果】各麦区产量间差异较大,春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区平均产量分别为3.0、7.6、4.7和7.4 t·hm-2。春麦区氮磷钾用量分别为87 kg N·hm-2、91 kg P2O5·hm-2和1 kg K2O·hm-2,汾渭平原灌区氮磷钾用量分别为280 kg N·hm-2、133 kg P2O5·hm-2和1 kg K2O·hm-2,黄土高原旱地氮磷钾用量分别为178 kg N·hm-2、117 kg P2O5·hm-2和25 kg K2O·hm-2,绿洲灌区氮磷钾用量分别为225 kg N·hm-2、168 kg P2O5·hm-2和15 kg K2O·hm-2。氮磷肥用量偏高,钾肥用量不足普遍存在。汾渭平原灌区的氮、磷肥减施潜力分别为25%和40%,黄土高原旱地的氮、磷肥减施潜力分别为24%和57%,春麦区和绿洲灌区的磷肥减施潜力分别为65%和54%。不同麦区农药喷施的次数差异较大。春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区的平均喷药次数分别为1.8、1.4、1.6和1.6次。春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区的减药潜力分别为40%—70%、54%—83%、40%—65%和50%—83%。施用农药的种类为杀虫杀菌剂和除草剂,杀虫杀菌剂的施用频次较高,占比为73%。杀虫杀菌剂中吡虫啉和三唑酮的用药频次较高,在杀虫杀菌剂中占比分别为32%和12%,除草剂中苯磺隆、2,4-D丁酯和二甲四氯钠用药频次较高,在除草剂中占比分别为48%、15%和19%。调研农户小麦生产的灌水次数多为2—4次,汾渭平原灌区灌溉次数较少,为2.2次,均采用河水灌溉;绿洲灌区灌溉次数最多,为3.5次,均采用井水灌溉。汾渭平原灌区和绿洲灌区的节水潜力分别为14%和42%。各麦区中小规模经营占比最大,经营碎片化现象明显。相对于农田小规模经营,大规模经营在增产7%—36%的同时可使肥料和灌溉成本降低17%—19%。【结论】本研究查明了我国北方麦区小麦产量及其生产过程中的化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状,发现不同农户、不同区域间的用量存在较大变异,同时具有较大的减用潜力;并与农田经营规模结合,发现农田适度规模经营能在增产的同时减少投入成本,这为我国北方麦区优化经营规模提供参考。

关键词: 农户, 化肥, 农药, 灌溉水, 减用潜力, 农田经营规模

Abstract:

【Objective】The unreasonable use of chemicals and irrigation water is the crucial to limiting the wheat production. The objective of the study was to clarify the current status of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China and their reduction potentials. Further, understanding the effects of farm size on wheat production could provide an effective reference for sustainable wheat production in China. 【Method】 Based on a large-scale survey in seven provinces of Northern China during 2018-2019, based on the nutrient requirements formed by wheat yield, the potential of fertilizer reduction in northern wheat regions and the potential of pesticide reduction based on the recommended amount of pesticides were assessed, and the water-saving potential based on Penman-Monteith was estimated, and then the effects of farm size on wheat yield and the input costs of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water were investigated. 【Result】The mean wheat yields of spring wheat area, Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area were 3.0, 7.6, 4.7, and 7.4 t·hm-2, respectively. The application rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer was 87 kg N·hm-2, 91 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 1 kg K2O·hm-2 in spring wheat area, was 280 kg N·hm-2, 133 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 1 kg K2O·hm-2 in Fenwei Plain, was 178 kg N·hm-2, 117 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 25 kg K2O·hm-2 in Loess Plateau, and was 225 kg N·hm-2, 168 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 15 kg K2O·hm-2 in oasis irrigation area, respectively. The problems of excessive application of N and P fertilizers and insufficient application of K fertilizers coexisted. The reduction potential of N and P fertilizers was 25% and 40% in Fenwei Plain, respectively, which was 24% and 57% in Loess Plateau, respectively. The reduction potential of P fertilizer was 65% and 54% in spring wheat area and oasis irrigation area, respectively. The use of pesticides varied greatly in different areas of wheat production. In the spring wheat area of Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area, the mean number of pesticides sprayed were 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively; the reduction potential of pesticides was 40%-70%, 54%-83%, 40%-65% and 50%-83%, respectively. Insecticides and herbicides were the main types of pesticides, and the frequency of insecticides application accounted for 73%, which was higher than that of herbicides. For insecticides, imidacloprid and triadimefon were more commonly used. For herbicides, tribenuron-methy, 2, 4-D butyl ester, and sodium dimethyl tetrachloride were more often used. The irrigation times of wheat production were 2-4 in most cases. For Fenwei Plain, the mean number of irrigations was 2.2 times, and the river water was the most key source of irrigation water. For oasis irrigation area, the mean number of irrigations was 3.5 times, and the well water was the most key source of irrigation water. The water-saving potential in Fenwei Plain and oasis irrigation area was 14% and 42%, respectively. Small-scale farm size was the most common way to manage farms, resulting in a serious fragmentation of farmland in each wheat area. Compared with small-scale farm size, the large-scale farm size increased wheat yields by 7%-36% with reducing input costs by 17%-19%. 【Conclusion】The study reported the current status of the wheat yield, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China, and found that their application rates varied greatly between farmers and production regions. This brought huge potential for the reduction of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water. Moreover, combined with farm size, it clarified that an appropriate increase in farm size could increase wheat yield while decreasing input costs, which could be essential for optimizing management scale in wheat region of north China.

Key words: farmers, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation water, reducing potential, farm size