洱海流域植烟土壤养分时空变异特征及肥力评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.10.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过研究洱海流域植烟土壤养分时空变异特征,实现对该区域植烟土壤肥力分级评价及其空间可视化的目标,进而为洱海流域烟田养分分区管理、平衡施肥、农业面源污染防控等提供科学依据。【方法】以2011—2013年、2018年和2020年洱海流域植烟区964个土壤样品为研究对象,采用地统计学和地理信息系统（Geographic Information Systems,GIS）技术探究养分的时空变异特征和区域分布格局,并采用Fuzzy综合评价法对植烟区土壤肥力进行定量评价。【结果】2011—2020年洱海流域植烟土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾的均值为7.3、59.6 g·kg^-1、3.5 g·kg^-1、54.4 mg·kg^-1、192.0 mg·kg^-1,均表现为中等变异。植烟土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量丰富,丰缺等级处于中上等级及以上的区域面积占比分别为85.2%、93.8%、94.5%及78.8%,存在明显的区域变异性。植烟土壤肥力处于I—V级的区域面积占比分别为8.4%、25.0%、40.3%、23.3%、3.0%。洱海流域植烟土壤整体偏碱性,pH值呈现出洱海北部高于南部的现状;有机质和全氮含量高值区主要分布于洱海北部和西部;有效磷含量高值区以斑块状分布在洱海北部、东部和西部;速效钾含量高值区呈片状分布在洱海北部和东部。【结论】洱海流域植烟土壤整体肥力较高,III级及以上高肥力区主要分布在洱海北部和东部。同时,洱海北部和西部植烟土壤氮磷元素含量丰富,区域内存在农业面源污染风险。

关键词: 烟田, 土壤养分, 时空变异, 土壤肥力评价, 洱海流域

Abstract:

【Objective】By studying the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of tobacco-planting soil nutrients in Erhai Lake Basin (ELB), the objective of grading evaluation and spatial visualization of tobacco-planting soil fertility in this region was achieved, so as to provide a scientific basis for the nutrient management, balanced fertilization, and the control of agricultural non-point source pollution of tobacco-planting areas in ELB.【Method】Based on the 964 tobacco-planting soil samples in ELB collected in 2011-2013, 2018 and 2020, this study explored the spatial-temporal variability of nutrients and regional distribution patterns by using Geostatistics, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, and Fuzzy integrated fertility index method to quantify the soil fertility in tobacco-planting areas. 【Result】The average values of soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), Olsen-P (AP) and available potassium (AK) of tobacco-planting soil in ELB were 7.3, 59.6 g·kg^-1, 3.5 g·kg^-1, 54.4 mg·kg^-1, and 192.0 mg·kg^-1, respectively, all of which belonging to moderate variation. Tobacco-planting soil was rich in SOM, TN, AP and AK, and the proportions of areas within the upper-middle level accounted for 85.2%, 93.8%, 94.5% and 78.8%, respectively, showing obvious variation at regional scale. The area of tobacco-planting soil fertility were graded to five levels (from high to low: I to V), which accounted for 8.4%, 25.0%, 40.3%, 23.3% and 3.0%, respectively. The pH of tobacco-planting soil was relatively alkaline in ELB, which was higher in the northern than in the southern; the highest concentrations of SOM and TN occurred in the northern and the western region; the areas with high AP concentration were distributed in patches in the northern, eastern and western region of Erhai Lake; the areas with high AK concentration were distributed in flakes in the northern and eastern of Erhai Lake. 【Conclusion】Collectively, the fertility of the tobacco-growing soil in ELB was in high level, and the high-quality soil areas above grade III were mainly distributed in the northern and eastern region. Meanwhile, the tobacco-planting soil in the northern and western Erhai Lake were rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and there was a risk of agricultural non-point source pollution in the region.

Key words: tobacco field, soil nutrient, spatial-temporal variability, assessment of soil fertility, Erhai Lake Basin

郭迎新,陈永亮,苗琪,范志勇,孙军伟,崔振岭,李军营. 洱海流域植烟土壤养分时空变异特征及肥力评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(10): 1987-1999.

GUO YingXin,CHEN YongLiang,MIAO Qi,FAN ZhiYong,SUN JunWei,CUI ZhenLing,LI JunYing. Spatial-Temporal Variability of Soil Nutrients and Assessment of Soil Fertility in Erhai Lake Basin[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(10): 1987-1999.

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阈值 Threshold value	pH	有机质 Organic matter	全氮 Total N	有效磷 Olsen-P	速效钾 Available K
x₁	5.0	15	0.9	10	50
x₂	5.5	25	1.4	40	200
x₃	7.0	35	2.5	/	/
x₄	7.5	45	3.5	/	/

年份 Year	项目 Item	样本数 Sample size	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard derivation	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis	变异系数Variance coefficient (%)
2011- 2013	pH	83	7.0-7.4	7.2	0.9	-1.1	-0.1	11.9
	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	84	48.7-56.9	52.8	19.0	0.6	-0.1	36.0
	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	82	2.5-3.0	2.8	1.1	0.7	0.3	37.9
	有效磷Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	81	34.2-42.7	38.5	19.2	0.9	0.2	50.0
	速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	86	158.9-199.6	179.2	94.9	0.7	-0.1	53.0
2018	pH	222	7.1-7.3	7.2	0.8	-0.8	-0.5	11.6
	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	223	50.3-55.1	52.7	18.2	0.5	-0.4	34.5
	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	224	2.9-3.2	3.1	1.1	0.5	-0.5	36.6
	有效磷Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	224	52.7-59.9	56.3	27.4	-0.1	-0.9	48.7
	速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	224	201.4-232.0	216.7	116.3	0.7	0.1	53.7
2020	pH	612	7.3-7.5	7.4	0.8	-1.0	-0.5	11.4
	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	641	60.5-65.1	62.8	29.4	0.2	-1.0	46.7
	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	641	3.6-3.9	3.7	1.8	0.2	-1.0	48.4
	有效磷Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	621	53.7-58.2	56.0	29.0	0.4	-0.3	51.8
	速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	614	177.3-192.3	184.8	94.5	0.9	0.7	51.1
2011- 2020	pH	917	7.3-7.4	7.3	0.9	-0.9	-0.5	11.6
	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	948	57.9-61.3	59.6	26.7	0.4	-0.6	44.9
	全氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	947	3.4-3.6	3.5	1.7	0.5	-0.7	47.3
	有效磷Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	928	52.6-56.3	54.4	28.3	0.4	-0.4	52.0
	速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	924	185.5-198.5	192.0	101.1	0.9	0.5	52.7

土壤养分 Soil fertility	理论模型 Theory model	块金值 Nugget	基台值 Sill	块基比 Nugget/Sill (%)	变程 Range (m)	决定系数 R²	残差 RSS
pH	高斯Gaussian	1.9E-03	9.1E-03	20.9	35507	0.540	3.31E-05
有机质Organic matter	高斯Gaussian	0.0672	0.2344	28.7	10219	0.235	7.37E-03
全氮Total N	高斯Gaussian	0.0807	0.2934	27.5	9023	0.151	0.0112
有效磷Olsen-P	高斯Gaussian	0.269	0.848	31.7	496925	0.541	0.2
速效钾Available K	高斯Gaussian	0.0134	0.0499	26.9	21477	0.705	5.14E-05

土壤养分 Soil fertility	项目 Item	极缺 Extreme deficiency	缺 Deficiency	中下 Minor deficiency	中上 Moderate	高 Relatively abundance	极高 Abundance
有机质 Organic matter	分级标准 Grading standard (g·kg^-1)	<6	6-10	10-20	20-30	30-40	≥40
有机质 Organic matter	百分比 Area percentage (%)	0	0.6	14.2	9.5	17.8	57.9
全氮 Total N	分级标准 Grading standard (g·kg^-1)	<0.5	0.5-0.75	0.75-1	1-1.5	1.5-2	≥2
全氮 Total N	百分比 Area percentage (%)	0	0.4	5.8	15.9	8.1	69.8
有效磷 Olsen-P	分级标准 Grading standard (mg·kg^-1)	<3	3-5	5-10	10-20	20-40	≥40
有效磷 Olsen-P	百分比 Area percentage (%)	0.5	0.2	4.8	13.0	37.2	44.3
速效钾 Available K	分级标准 Grading standard (mg·kg^-1)	<30	30-50	50-100	100-150	150-200	≥200
速效钾 Available K	百分比 Area percentage (%)	0	1.9	19.3	28.6	11.5	38.7

	pH	有机质Organic matter	全氮 Total N	有效磷Olsen-P	速效钾Available K
pH	1
有机质Organic matter	0.222^**	1
全氮Total N	0.195^**	0.965^**	1
有效磷Olsen-P	-0.242^**	0.243^**	0.263^**	1
速效钾Available K	0.231^**	0.060	0.021	0.236^**	1
平均值Correlations average	0.223	0.373	0.361	0.246	0.137
权重系数Weights value	0.166	0.278	0.269	0.185	0.102