覆膜时期和施氮量对陇东旱塬玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的以抗逆性强的紧凑型玉米品种先玉335为供试作物,研究施氮量、覆膜时期及其互作对陇东旱塬玉米生理指标、产量性状及水氮利用效率的影响,以期为陇东旱塬区玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。方法2012年11月至2019年11月,连续设置覆膜时期（春季覆膜和秋季覆膜）和施纯N量（0、75、150、225、300、375、450 kg·hm^-2）两因子的长期定位裂区试验,分析不同处理玉米生理指标、产量性状及水氮利用效率的变化。结果覆膜结合合理施氮可提高玉米光合速率和叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）,延长叶片持绿期,有效协调源库关系,增加穗粒数和百粒重。年份、施氮量及年份与施氮量互作均极显著影响玉米产量、穗粒数和百粒重,三者均随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。黄土旱塬玉米产量在施氮量150—450 kg·hm^-2范围内均显著高于75 kg·hm^-2的产量,以施氮量300 kg·hm^-2最高,为15 142.5kg·hm^-2,与施氮量225 kg·hm^-2无显著差异,显著高于施氮75 kg·hm^-2,施氮量进一步增加,增产效应逐渐降低,甚至减产。降雨年型及关键生育期降雨量与产量变化关系密切。尤其是7—9月降水量,特别是7月上旬（玉米抽雄—吐丝期）降雨量及降雨年型对陇东旱塬玉米产量影响较大。年份、覆膜时期、施氮量及年份与施氮量互作也极显著影响水分利用效率,秋覆膜较春覆膜水分利用效率显著增加8.6%。与施氮300 kg·hm^-2相比,施氮225 kg·hm^-2氮肥偏生产力、氮素生理利用效率分别提高28.6%、20.1%,平均氮肥利用率从34.8%提高到35.8%,可实现产量和氮素效率的同步提高。结论覆膜结合施氮150—225 kg·hm^-2可作为陇东旱塬雨养农业区较理想的高产高效栽培模式,干旱年份秋覆膜的增产效应更突出,生产中建议结合气象预测预报的降雨年型选择适宜的施氮量和覆膜时期。

关键词: 覆膜时期, 施氮量, 生理指标, 产量, 水分利用效率, 氮肥利用率, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】 To optimize the agricultural practice in supporting high production and high efficiency of spring maize cultivation in dryland region of eastern Gansu province, the effects of film mulching periods and nitrogen (N) application rates on maize physiology, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) and N use efficiency (NUE) were investigated in this study.【Method】 Using a compact maize variety (Xianyu 335) with high stress resistance as tested crop, a two-factorial experiment with split-plot design was established from 2012 to 2019, which consisted of two treatments of mulching period (spring and autumn mulching) and seven rates of N application (0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 kg N·hm^-2), and the physiological characteristics, yield variables, and water and N use efficiencies of maize plants under different treatments were measured annually. 【Result】 Film mulching and moderate rates of N addition increased the photosynthetic rate and the relative content of leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value), extended the green duration of leaves, efficiently balanced the source-sink relationship, and improved the grain number per spike and 100-grain weight. The yield, grain number per spike and 100-grain weight of maize were significantly affected by years, N application rate and their interactions, and all these variables showed similar trends of inverted U-shaped curves with the increasing of N application rates. Maize yields under the treatments with N addition of 150-450 kg N·hm^-2 were significantly higher than that of 75 kg N·hm^-2, with a peak (15 142.5 kg·hm^-2) occurring under the treatment with N addition of 300 kg N·hm^-2. The yields did not differ significantly between treatments with N addition of 225 kg and 300 kg N·hm^-2, whereas maize yield would not increase or even decline when N inputs were beyond the rate of 300 kg N·hm^-2. Maize yield was highly dependent on the annual rainfall pattern and the amounts of precipitation in key growth periods, of which the rainfall amount from July to September, especially in early July (tasseling-silking stage of maize), as well as the type of rainfall year type were especially important in determining maize yield. Furthermore, experimental year, film mulching period, nitrogen application rate and the interaction between experimental year and nitrogen application rate also significantly affected WUE. WUE under autumn film mulching was 8.6% higher than that under spring film mulching. The N partial factor productivity and NUE under treatment of 225 kg N·hm^-2 were increased by 28.6% and 20.1% than that under 300 kg N·hm^-2, respectively. Moreover, the average NUE was increased from 34.8% under treatment of 300 kg N·hm^-2 to 35.8% under 225 kg N·hm^-2. In other words, 225 kg N·hm^-2 could realize the simultaneous increases in maize yield and N use efficiency.【Conclusion】 These results suggested that film mulching and nitrogen application of 150-225 kg·hm^-2 could be used as efficient models for maize cultivation, especially with autumn film mulching in the dry years. Farmers should choose the appropriate mulching practice and N appliction rates according to the weather forecast in annual rainfall types.

Key words: mulching period, nitrogen amount, physiological index, yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, zea mays

张建军, 党翼, 赵刚, 王磊, 樊廷录, 李尚中. 覆膜时期和施氮量对陇东旱塬玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(3): 479-490.

ZHANG JianJun, DANG Yi, ZHAO Gang, WANG Lei, FAN TingLu, LI ShangZhong. Influences of Mulching Periods and Nitrogen Application Rates on Maize Yield as well as Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies in Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(3): 479-490.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.03.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I3/479

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年份 Year	年降雨量 Rainfall (mm)	生育期降雨量 Rainfall of growth period (mm)	降雨年型 Rainfall year types
2013	596.2	476.7	丰水年Wet year
2014	483.5	350.6	平水年Normal years
2015	522.1	261.8	平水年Normal years
2016	403.2	273.5	干旱年Dry year
2017	658.6	447.8	丰水年Wet years
2018	629.2	493.3	丰水年Wet years
2019	597.2	482.8	丰水年Wet years
平均 Mean	555.7	398.8	—

覆膜时期 Mulching period	施氮量 Nitrogen amount	叶绿素相对含量SPAD			光合速率P_n(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
覆膜时期 Mulching period	施氮量 Nitrogen amount	拔节期Jointing	抽雄期Tasseling	灌浆期Filling	拔节期Jointing	灌浆期Filling
秋覆膜 Autumn mulching	CK	45.4c	34.2d	32.6e	22.4c	16.6c
	T1	49.6b	36.1d	41.3d	29.3b	19.8bc
	T2	51.5b	48.5c	48.8c	31.8ab	24.3ab
	T3	58.3a	58.9ab	51.5a	32.4ab	29.7a
	T4	59.1a	61.7a	52.7a	35.3a	30.8a
	T5	58.0a	59.3ab	50.6b	31.3ab	25.8ab
	T6	56.8a	57.6b	46.7c	29.5b	24.8ab
春覆膜 Spring mulching	CK	47.8d	41.1d	32.8c	26.5b	15.6c
	T1	53.8c	44.7c	35.9d	33.5a	19.7b
	T2	57.1ab	56.4b	41.4c	33.5a	20.2b
	T3	58.1ab	60.5a	48.1ab	34.9a	31.7a
	T4	60.3a	61.1a	50.9a	36.2a	32.5a
	T5	58.9ab	60.4a	48.6ab	33.1a	30.2a
	T6	57.4b	58.3ab	46.3b	31.2a	28.8a
方差分析 ANVOA	覆膜时期 (M)	0.1469	0.0261	0.0555	0.2821	0.4848
	施氮量 (T)	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0308	0.0005
	M×T	0.0018	0.0045	0.0015	0.8779	0.8666

变量来源 Variable source		产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
年份 Year	2013	15064.5a	33.8ab	510.7d	31.1a
	2014	14061.0ab	33.0b	625.2a	27.5bc
	2015	13066.5bc	32.2b	557.0c	26.4bc
	2016	13150.5bc	30.5c	607.9ab	29.4ab
	2017	10636.5d	28.2d	492.6d	25.2c
	2018	14880.0b	34.7a	609.8ab	26.0bc
	2019	11830.5cd	29.1d	571.8bc	29.1ab
覆膜时期 Mulching period	秋季覆膜 Autumn mulching	13285.5a	31.9a	570.9a	29.0a
覆膜时期 Mulching period	春季覆膜 Spring mulching	13197.0a	31.4a	564.8a	26.7b
施氮量 Nitrogen amount	CK	7936.5c	27.0c	431.6c	18.3c
	T1	11578.5b	29.5b	546.6b	25.2b
	T2	13846.5a	31.7a	585.4a	29.3a
	T3	14692.5a	33.3a	608.6a	30.2a
	T4	15142.5a	33.5a	611.0a	30.8a
	T5	14920.5a	33.3a	603.6a	30.6a
	T6	14572.5a	33.2a	588.0a	30.2a
	自由度 Degrees of freedom	显著性 Significance of difference
年份Year (Y)	6	**	**	**	**
覆膜时期 Mulching period (M)	1	ns	ns	ns	**
施氮量 Nitrogen amount (T)	6	**	**	**	**
覆膜时期×年份 (M×Y)	13	ns	ns	ns	ns
覆膜时期×施氮量 (M×T)	13	ns	ns	ns	ns
年份×施氮量 (Y×T)	48	**	**	**	**
覆膜时期×年份×施氮量 (M×Y×T)	97	ns	ns	ns	ns

覆膜时期 Mulching period	施氮量 Nitrogen amount	2018			2019
覆膜时期 Mulching period	施氮量 Nitrogen amount	氮肥利用率 NUE (%)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)	氮素生理利用效率NPE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 NUE (%)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)	氮素生理利用效率NPE (kg·kg^-1)
秋覆膜 Autumn mulching	CK	—	—	83.3bc	—	—	98.2b
	T1	25.2c	150.8a	110.1a	20.5d	137.3a	117.9a
	T2	29.2b	100.4b	118.5a	27.0c	87.0b	116.3a
	T3	33.6a	76.7c	108.2a	36.3a	60.2c	89.5c
	T4	35.5a	59.7d	94.0b	35.3a	47.6d	78.9d
	T5	33.6a	45.0e	80.4c	31.0b	34.9e	69.6e
	T6	28.1bc	37.7e	80.7c	28.7bc	28.1f	62.9f
春覆膜 Spring mulching	CK	—	—	64.1d	—	—	139.9a
	T1	23.4c	165.2a	120.3a	19.3d	114.1a	122.4b
	T2	24.0bc	102.7b	124.6a	27.0c	76.5b	119.7b
	T3	32.3a	81.5c	114.6a	35.2a	58.5c	116.7b
	T4	34.4a	61.3d	96.5b	34.3a	46.3d	87.7c
	T5	32.6a	48.3e	86.3bc	30.3b	36.6e	69.6d
	T6	27.4b	39.3e	83.8c	28.4bc	29.3f	72.1d
方差分析（P值） ANVOA (P value)	覆膜时期(M)	0.3938	0.2747	0.6994	0.3393	0.207	0.0119
	施氮量(T)	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
	覆膜时期× 施氮量(M×T)	0.8211	0.7961	0.2262	0.9968	0.0047	0.0001