中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (8): 1613-1626.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.08.004
收稿日期:
2020-06-22
接受日期:
2020-08-17
出版日期:
2021-04-16
发布日期:
2021-04-25
通讯作者:
蒯婕
作者简介:
袁圆,E-mail: 基金资助:
YUAN Yuan1(),WANG Bo1,ZHOU GuangSheng1,LIU Fang2,HUANG JunSheng3,KUAI Jie1()
Received:
2020-06-22
Accepted:
2020-08-17
Online:
2021-04-16
Published:
2021-04-25
Contact:
Jie KUAI
摘要:
【目的】茎秆倒伏是制约我国油菜生产效益提高的重要因素,研究不同播期及密度下油菜茎秆抗倒性变化规律及其生理机制,为油菜高产抗倒栽培提供理论及技术支撑。【方法】本研究以华油杂62和沣油520为材料,设置2个播期(9月25日、10月25日)和4个密度(15×104、30×104、45×104和60×104 株/hm2)裂区试验,测定产量及其构成,茎秆抗折力、倒伏指数、显微结构、主要成分及木质素合成关键酶活性等指标。【结果】(1)9月25日播种(T1),密度从15×104hm-2增至60×104hm-2,油菜单株产量、单株角果数及每角粒数均下降,小区产量在45×104 hm-2处理达峰值,此时倒伏指数最小,抗倒能力最强,产量及抗倒性协同提高;播期推迟至10月25日(T2),在任何密度下,小区产量、单株产量、单株角果数及每角粒数均显著降低,但地上部鲜重下降更明显,导致迟播油菜的倒伏指数下降、抗倒性增强。(2)适期播种时,密度增大,株高和茎秆干重均显著降低,倒伏指数呈先降后增的趋势,易倒伏部位从主茎中上部转移至主茎中下部,茎秆维管束长度/髓腔外组织宽度和维管束面积/茎横截面积等指标参数逐渐增加,茎秆木质素和纤维素含量呈先增后降趋势。油菜播期从T1推迟至T2,株高和茎秆干重均显著降低,茎秆木质素、纤维素含量显著下降,但植株地上部鲜重降幅较大,倒伏指数下降,抗倒性增强。逐步回归分析表明木质素是改善输导组织结构、协调倒伏指数及小区产量的关键指标,茎秆木质素含量及群体木质素总量高,可同时获得较强的茎秆抗倒性及较高的小区产量。(3)适期播种,密度从15×104hm-2增至60×104hm-2时,与木质素合成相关的过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)及4-香豆酰-CoA连接酶(4CL)酶活性增强,油菜播期从T1推迟至T2,木质素合成酶POD、CAD、PAL、4CL的活性均显著降低。【结论】不同播期条件下,优化种植密度,可显著提高油菜的群体产量;且播期推迟,可通过进一步增大种植密度弥补单株产量的不足,晚播密植条件下茎秆木质素合成能力增强,木质素含量增加,协调了高产和抗倒的矛盾。
袁圆,汪波,周广生,刘芳,黄俊生,蒯婕. 播期和种植密度对油菜产量和茎秆抗倒性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(8): 1613-1626.
YUAN Yuan,WANG Bo,ZHOU GuangSheng,LIU Fang,HUANG JunSheng,KUAI Jie. Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Planting Densities on the Yield and Stem Lodging Resistance of Rapeseed[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(8): 1613-1626.
表1
2017—2019年油菜生育期及气象数据"
播期 Sowing date | 品种 Variety | 密度 Density | 2017-2018 | 2018-2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
生育期 Growth days (d) | 有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃) | 降雨量 Rainfall (mm) | 生育期 Growth days (d) | 有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃) | 降雨量 Rainfall (mm) | |||
T1 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 218 | 2772.2 | 207.3 | 218 | 2669.9 | 492.8 |
D2 | 216 | 2727.5 | 207.3 | 216 | 2623.5 | 492.8 | ||
D3 | 214 | 2678.6 | 206.3 | 214 | 2581.4 | 492.8 | ||
D4 | 213 | 2653.4 | 206.3 | 213 | 2564.0 | 492.8 | ||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 210 | 2586.1 | 206.1 | 210 | 2519.2 | 449.5 | |
D2 | 208 | 2548.0 | 206.1 | 208 | 2478.0 | 449.5 | ||
D3 | 206 | 2516.1 | 199.3 | 206 | 2433.3 | 449.5 | ||
D4 | 205 | 2494.2 | 181.8 | 205 | 2415.4 | 448.4 | ||
T2 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 191 | 2318.3 | 183.0 | 193 | 2010.4 | 475.9 |
D2 | 189 | 2275.3 | 180.0 | 192 | 1974.8 | 453.1 | ||
D3 | 188 | 2254.8 | 180.0 | 191 | 1949.8 | 453.1 | ||
D4 | 187 | 2234.6 | 180.0 | 190 | 1927.4 | 453.1 | ||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 185 | 2195.1 | 144.2 | 187 | 1995.8 | 474.7 | |
D2 | 184 | 2172.7 | 144.2 | 186 | 1955.9 | 474.7 | ||
D3 | 183 | 2150.4 | 144.2 | 185 | 1933.3 | 474.7 | ||
D4 | 182 | 2126.3 | 144.2 | 184 | 1909.2 | 474.7 |
表2
不同播期和密度对油菜产量及产量构成的影响"
年份 Year | 播期 Sowing date | 品种 Variety | 密度 Density | 单株角果数 Effective pods per plant | 每角粒数 Seeds per pod | 千粒重 1000-seed weight (g) | 单株产量 Yield per plant (g) | 成株率 Survival rate (%) | 实际产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017-2018 | T1 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 315.0b | 17.41a | 3.68a | 20.51a | 93.60a | 2742.3c |
D2 | 185.0ef | 17.00ab | 3.76a | 11.82d | 87.93bc | 2901.0b | |||
D3 | 156.8gh | 16.46bcd | 3.60a | 9.24e | 84.22cd | 3290.9a | |||
D4 | 103.7k | 16.14cde | 3.69a | 6.11h | 82.59de | 2649.1cd | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 372.4a | 16.88b | 3.18bc | 19.99a | 93.53a | 2555.7de | ||
D2 | 222.8d | 16.58bcd | 3.08bcd | 11.39d | 87.06bc | 2939.5b | |||
D3 | 172.6fg | 15.45fgh | 3.13bcd | 8.36f | 81.57de | 2731.0c | |||
D4 | 128.4ij | 15.03h | 3.04cde | 7.03g | 77.30fg | 2625.9cde | |||
T2 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 262.9c | 16.63bc | 3.26b | 14.25b | 94.51a | 1866.0i | |
D2 | 171.8fg | 16.17cde | 3.23bc | 8.96ef | 88.57b | 2261.0gh | |||
D3 | 141.7hi | 15.88ef | 3.19bc | 7.19g | 83.99cd | 2467.1ef | |||
D4 | 106.9k | 15.01h | 3.19bc | 5.12i | 79.91ef | 2484.9def | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 274.3c | 16.07de | 3.02cde | 13.33c | 96.94a | 1857.7i | ||
D2 | 190.8e | 15.66efg | 2.92de | 8.73ef | 87.36bc | 2203.5gh | |||
D3 | 154.9h | 15.38fgh | 2.94de | 6.99g | 79.94ef | 2362.2fg | |||
D4 | 113.5jk | 15.29gh | 2.87e | 4.99i | 75.55g | 2126.8h | |||
2018-2019 | T1 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 284.0b | 16.26a | 3.58c | 17.19a | 97.60a | 2311.5c |
D2 | 173.6e | 16.00ab | 3.77ab | 10.45b | 93.10ab | 2704.5ab | |||
D3 | 139.6g | 15.77bcd | 3.79a | 8.28d | 84.50c | 2854.7a | |||
D4 | 96.1ij | 15.49de | 3.70b | 5.52f | 83.30c | 2655.0b | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 312.6a | 16.16a | 3.30de | 16.60a | 95.20a | 2113.5d | ||
D2 | 182.6de | 15.80bcd | 3.26ef | 9.67bc | 93.30ab | 2660.3b | |||
D3 | 152.7fg | 15.50de | 3.29ef | 7.75de | 83.80c | 2534.6b | |||
D4 | 102.3ij | 15.34ef | 3.21 f | 5.06 fg | 80.70 cde | 2339.1 c | |||
T2 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 194.1 cd | 16.04ab | 3.21f | 10.00bc | 94.80a | 1384.5h | |
D2 | 141.4fg | 15.95abc | 3.24ef | 7.31e | 84.40c | 1669.5fg | |||
D3 | 108.7hi | 15.66cd | 3.37d | 5.74f | 78.30def | 1792.0ef | |||
D4 | 86.0j | 15.06f | 3.28ef | 4.26gh | 76.90ef | 1932.7e | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 206.0c | 15.73bcd | 2.94g | 9.39c | 89.70b | 1198.2i | ||
D2 | 157.4f | 15.32ef | 2.92g | 7.05e | 82.20cd | 1514.6gh | |||
D3 | 123.4h | 15.13f | 2.98g | 5.58f | 77.30ef | 1836.3ef | |||
D4 | 89.8j | 14.74g | 2.95g | 3.90h | 75.60f | 1570.7g | |||
方差分析Variance analyses | |||||||||
2017-2018 | T | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | ||
V | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | |||
D | ** | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | |||
T×V | ** | * | ** | NS | NS | NS | |||
T×D | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | ** | |||
V×D | ** | NS | NS | * | * | ** | |||
T×V×D | ** | * | NS | NS | NS | ** | |||
2018-2019 | T | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
V | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | |||
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
T×V | NS | * | ** | NS | NS | NS | |||
T×D | ** | NS | NS | ** | * | ** | |||
V×D | ** | NS | ** | NS | NS | * | |||
T×V×D | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | * |
表3
不同播期和密度对油菜茎秆主要成分的影响"
年份 Year | 播期 Sowing date | 品种 Variety | 密度 Density | 酸不溶木质素 Acid insoluble lignin | 酸溶木质素 Soluble lignin | 总木质素 Total lignin | 半纤维素 Hemicel lulose | 纤维素 Cellulose | 可溶性糖 Soluble sugar |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017-2018 | T1 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 24.00bc | 1.73abc | 25.73abcd | 19.03cde | 34.74bc | 3.44a |
D2 | 24.23abc | 1.70abc | 25.93abc | 20.11b | 36.00ab | 3.24b | |||
D3 | 24.96a | 1.57c | 26.53a | 21.13a | 37.25a | 3.05c | |||
D4 | 23.38cde | 1.73abc | 25.11cde | 18.75def | 35.98ab | 3.40a | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 22.43fg | 1.83ab | 24.26fg | 18.66def | 32.78cd | 3.29b | ||
D2 | 23.74bcd | 1.80ab | 25.54bcd | 18.61def | 34.84bc | 3.11c | |||
D3 | 24.53ab | 1.74abc | 26.26ab | 19.84bc | 35.61ab | 3.06c | |||
D4 | 23.78bcd | 1.77ab | 25.55bcd | 19.33bcd | 34.78bc | 3.27b | |||
T2 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 21.84g | 1.73abc | 23.57g | 16.96hi | 29.14e | 3.08c | |
D2 | 22.72ef | 1.72abc | 24.43efg | 17.56gh | 30.89de | 2.86e | |||
D3 | 24.03bc | 1.68abc | 25.71abcd | 17.98fg | 31.51d | 2.71f | |||
D4 | 24.48ab | 1.63bc | 26.11ab | 18.09efg | 32.61d | 2.68f | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 21.73g | 1.87a | 23.59g | 16.91hi | 22.32h | 2.96d | ||
D2 | 22.32fg | 1.82ab | 24.14fg | 17.22ghi | 23.79gh | 2.72f | |||
D3 | 23.08def | 1.82ab | 24.90def | 16.301i | 25.46fg | 2.70f | |||
D4 | 23.36cde | 1.81ab | 25.17cde | 17.95fg | 27.09f | 2.63f | |||
2018-2019 | T1 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 24.43b | 2.03bcde | 26.46b | 18.32abc | 27.97cd | 5.50a |
D2 | 25.43a | 1.99cdef | 27.42a | 18.90a | 28.85bc | 4.87c | |||
D3 | 25.66a | 1.94efg | 27.60a | 19.25a | 32.45a | 4.06h | |||
D4 | 22.58cd | 2.11ab | 24.68cd | 17.10defg | 27.88cd | 4.41f | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 20.96fgh | 2.06abcd | 23.02efg | 17.38cdef | 26.70de | 4.96b | ||
D2 | 22.44cd | 1.98def | 24.42cd | 18.10abcd | 29.06bc | 4.49e | |||
D3 | 23.20c | 1.85gh | 25.05c | 18.36abc | 30.59b | 3.21l | |||
D4 | 21.22efg | 2.01bcde | 23.23ef | 17.53bcde | 28.96bc | 4.33f | |||
T2 | 华油杂62 HZ 62 | D1 | 20.23hi | 1.91fgh | 22.14gh | 17.44cde | 26.36de | 5.04b | |
D2 | 21.17efgh | 1.88gh | 23.05efg | 17.62bcde | 26.75de | 4.57d | |||
D3 | 22.04de | 1.86gh | 23.90de | 18.21abcd | 28.14cd | 4.18g | |||
D4 | 23.40c | 1.76i | 25.16c | 18.63ab | 28.90bc | 3.76j | |||
沣油520 FY 520 | D1 | 19.73i | 2.13a | 21.87h | 15.13h | 23.71g | 4.80c | ||
D2 | 20.55ghi | 2.08abc | 22.64fgh | 16.15g | 24.68fg | 3.95i | |||
D3 | 21.84def | 1.87gh | 23.71de | 16.30fg | 26.01ef | 3.43k | |||
D4 | 23.06c | 1.84hi | 24.90c | 16.64efg | 27.01de | 3.36k | |||
方差分析Variance analyses | |||||||||
2017-2018 | T | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
V | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
D | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
T×V | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | |||
T×D | ** | NS | ** | ** | * | ** | |||
V×D | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | * | |||
T×V×D | ** | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | |||
2018-2019 | T | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
V | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
T×V | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | |||
T×D | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
V×D | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | ** | |||
T×V×D | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** |
表4
茎秆主要成分与倒伏指数和小区产量的回归系数及显著性检验"
播期 Sowing date | 因变量 Dependent variable | 自变量 Independent variable | 回归系数 Regression coefficients | 校准误 Calibration error | 标准系数 Standard coefficient | 显著性Saliency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | P | ||||||
T1 | 倒伏指数 Lodging index | 酸溶木质素soluble lignin | 0.412 | 0.124 | 0.414 | 3.334 | 0.002 |
总木质素Total lignin | -0.042 | 0.016 | -0.328 | -2.643 | 0.011 | ||
小区产量 Yield | 群体可溶性糖Group soluble sugar | -2.399 | 0.382 | -0.654 | -6.283 | 0.000 | |
群体总木质素Group total lignin | 0.670 | 0.085 | 0.821 | 7.889 | 0.000 | ||
T2 | 倒伏指数 Lodging index | 酸溶木质素soluble lignin | -0.078 | 0.013 | -0.636 | -6.226 | 0.000 |
总木质素Total lignin | 0.285 | 0.105 | 0.278 | 2.721 | 0.009 | ||
小区产量 Yield | 群体总木质素Group total lignin | 1.144 | 0.071 | 1.001 | 16.074 | 0.000 | |
群体可溶性糖Group soluble sugar | -3.392 | 0.643 | -0.329 | -5.274 | 0.000 |
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