关键词: 春小麦, 有机替代, 秸秆还田, 绿肥

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the major problems of nutrition management in spring wheat production and to raise the suitable way on the organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different provinces and regions of China, so as to provide reference for Zero Growth Action of Chemical Fertilizers and sustainable development in spring wheat production regions. 【Method】A total of 2 166 survey data were collected from farmer interview and related literature retrieval, based on which the major problems were analyzed in different spring wheat regions of China. The data in 2018 of major livestock numbers, planting area and yield of spring wheat were downloaded from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The nutritional contents of livestock manure, wheat straw and green manure plants were checked from published literatures, then the potential of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different spring wheat regions was qualified. Comprehensive considered the climate, soils and the status of organic resources, the suitable ways of organic fertilizer substitution were suggested in different spring wheat regions. 【Result】Overuse of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer but the deficiency of potassium and organic fertilizer dressing was the major problem of nutrition management in spring wheat. Especially, it was especially serious on nitrogen overuse in western Inner Mongolia and Ningxia irrigated spring wheat. The number of large livestock and sheep in spring wheat region was accounted for about 1/3 and 1/2 of that in China, respectively. The nutrient amount of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O from livestock manure was 238.6×10 ⁴, 57.6×10 ⁴and 141.0×10 ⁴t per year respectively, accordingly the potential of organic fertilizer from livestock manure substitution for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1% for spring wheat, respectively. The total amount of straw returning to farmland in spring wheat region was 410.2×10 ⁴t per year. Available N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in straw was 11.4, 2.5 and 31.9 kg·hm ^-2 returning to farmland, accordingly in-season potential of organic fertilizer from wheat straw substitution for chemical fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively for spring wheat. Green manure plants returning to farmland was enough for meeting the nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. 【Conclusion】Based on the problems of overuse and unreasonable application of chemical fertilizer in spring wheat in China, three ways of organic fertilizer substitution including livestock manure, straw returning and green manure can be selected for resolving. By application of livestock manure the substitution potential for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1%, respectively. The in-season substitution potential of organic fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively. Green manure, as organic fertilizer substitution, was sufficient for nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. The suitable way of organic fertilizer substitution should consider local resource, input and technology comprehensively.

Key words: spring wheat, organic fertilizer substitution, straw returning, green manure