关键词: 旱地小麦, 有机替代, 产量效率, 环境效应

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide the fertilization basis for scientific and efficient production of dryland wheat, the effects of organic fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on wheat yield, nutrient utilization, economy and soil environment were monitored continuously for 5 years. 【Method】From 2013 to 2018 in the dryland wheat field area of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province, there were four different fertilization patterns, including farmer pattern (FP), optimized fertilizers pattern (OF), optimized fertilizers+organic fertilizers pattern (OFM), and optimized fertilizers+biological organic fertilizers pattern (OFB), which were used to analyze the effects on the yield composition, economic benefits, nutrient absorption and transfer characteristics, fertilizer use efficiency, and soil environment of dry wheat in the Loess Plateau. 【Result】(1) Compared with the FP treatment, the average nitrogen fertilizer application was reduced by 35%, and the grain yield was significantly increased by 17.2%-21.4%, and net income was significantly increased by 44.3%-54.7% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively; compared with the OF treatment, the average nitrogen substitution rate of OFM and OFB in five years was 40%, the spike number per hectare and 1000 grain weight were increased, and the grain yield was significantly increased by 6.0%-9.8%, and net income was significantly increased by 12.9%-21.0% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively. (2) Compared with OF treatment, the contents of nitrogen in grain was significantly increased by 9.6%-12.8%, and the contents of phosphorus in grain was significantly increased by 12.5%-17.9% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively; the transport amount at pre-anthesis of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of grain and the soil absorption after bloom were also increased, especially the soil absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus after anthesis was significantly increased by 48.8%-50.5% and 70.5%-76.2% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively.(3) Compared with the OF treatment, the agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of potassium fertilizer under OFM treatment were significantly increased by 33.9% and 6.2%, respectively. The results showed that the apparent recovery rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer was increased by 48.6% and 65.5%, the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer up by 71.3% and 51.3%, respectively, and the partial productivity was increased by 20.3% and 10.0%, respectively. (4)Organic fertilizers and biological organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizer increased soil fertility (organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium contents), nitrate nitrogen residue in soil surface was significantly decreased by 9.6%-23.0%, and there was no obvious leaching phenomenon of nitrate nitrogen in 2 m soil layer after 5 years. 【Conclusion】Instead of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizers and biological organic fertilizers could improve the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat grain, promote the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil after anthesis, improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, and significantly reduce the residue of nitrate nitrogen in soil, and alleviate soil alkalization, which was helpful to improve soil fertility and ultimately obtain higher economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it was an important measure for the efficient and sustainable production of dryland wheat fields and the development of green agriculture.

Key words: dryland wheat, organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, yield efficiency, environmental effects