长江中下游冬油菜产区有机无机肥配施下减氮增效潜力分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.14.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】评估长江中下游冬油菜主产区化肥减施增效的潜力与区域适宜性,为该区域油菜产业减肥增效提供科学依据。【方法】于2018年在江苏（高淳）、湖南（安仁）、湖北（沙洋）、安徽（休宁和当涂）四省（共5个地点）布置以有机肥（M）用量（0、2 250 kg·hm^-2）和施氮（N）水平（0、90、135、180、225、270 kg·hm^-2）为控制因素的冬油菜田间试验,分析有机无机肥配施对油菜产量、化学氮肥利用率和经济效益的影响,并评估不同区域冬油菜最佳产量和施肥效益下适宜的有机无机配施技术模式及其减肥潜力。【结果】相比于单施化肥,增施有机肥显著提升油菜产量,增产幅度达7.7%—43.3%。以最高产量为目标,各试验点在增施有机肥的基础上推荐化肥氮施用量分别为：高淳195 kg·hm^-2,安仁199 kg·hm^-2,沙洋195 kg·hm^-2,休宁179 kg·hm^-2,当涂185 kg·hm^-2。通过模型拟合发现各试验点达到单施化肥最高产量时,有机肥施用可替代26.7%—45.9%的化肥氮投入,且随着土壤基础肥力提高,化肥氮减施潜力增加。不同有机肥用量下,油菜化学氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势,但有机无机配施能够有效提高各氮肥梯度下油菜的化学氮肥偏生产力和农学效率,各试验点化学氮肥偏生产力增幅为24.4%—53.0%,化学氮肥农学利用效率增幅为26.3%—89.9%。与不施氮处理（N₀）相比,安仁、休宁和当涂试验点在施用180 kg N·hm^-2并配施有机肥处理下增收效益最大,依次为8 915、10 358和6 569元/hm²;而高淳和沙洋试验点在单施化肥（225 kg N·hm^-2）处理下增收效益最大,分别为11 252、8 500元/hm²。【结论】长江中下游部分冬油菜产区采用有机无机肥配施技术可实现减化肥氮26.7%—45.9%的同时提高籽粒产量、化学氮肥利用率及氮肥或有机肥增收效益,实现减氮增效。

关键词: 冬油菜, 有机无机肥配施, 最佳化肥氮用量, 减氮潜力, 长江中下游地区

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide a scientific basis for reducing chemical nitrogen (N) inputs and improving N efficiency in the rapeseed production, the reduction potential of chemical fertilizer and regional suitability was evaluated in winter rapeseed producing areas along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 【Method】To analyze the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chemical N fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed, the experiments were set up in Gaochun, Anren, Shayang, Xiuning and Dangtu across in 4 provinces in 2018, which consisted of two factors, including manure dosages (0, and 2 250 kg·hm^-2) and nitrogen application rates (0, 90, 135, 180, 225, and 270 kg·hm^-2). In total, 12 treatments were contained in all field experiments. Meanwhile, the optimal chemical nitrogen rates for winter rapeseed were evaluated in different regions under the optimal yield and fertilization benefit. 【Result】Compared with only application of chemical fertilizer, applying organic fertilizer could significantly increase the yield of rapeseed by 7.7% to 43.3%. With the target to the highest yield under the application of organic fertilizer, the recommended chemical N fertilizers rates were: 195, 199, 195, 179 and 185 kg·hm^-2 in Gaochun, Anren, Shayang, Xiuning and Dangtu, respectively. 26.7%-45.9% of chemical N could be replaced by organic fertilizer to maintain the same highest yield at each site. Moreover, as the soil fertility was better, the substitution rate on chemical N by organic fertilizer got higher. In addition, the N use efficiency decreased with the increase of chemical N rate under different dosage of organic fertilizer, while the combined application of manure and mineral fertilizer could significantly increase the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity by 24.4%-53.0% and agronomic utilization efficiency by 26.3%-89.9% in rapeseed production. In Anren, Xiuning and Dangtu, the income increases were the highest under 180 kg N·hm^-2 input combined with organic fertilizer, and the corresponding values were 8 915, 1 0358 and 6 569 yuan/hm², respectively. However, in Gaochun and Shayang, the highest income increases were under only application of chemical fertilizer (225 kg N·hm^-2 input), and were 11 252 and 8 500 yuan/hm², respectively. 【Conclusion】In the experimental sites along middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer could reduce 26.7%-45.9% chemical N fertilizer input, increase grain yield, chemical nitrogen use efficiency and income increases for winter rapeseed production, and achieve the goal of reducing chemical N input with increased efficiency.

Key words: winter rapeseed, organic-inorganic fertilization, optimal chemical nitrogen rate, chemical nitrogen reduction potential, areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

蒋倩红,陆志峰,赵海燕,郭俊杰,刘文波,凌宁,郭世伟. 长江中下游冬油菜产区有机无机肥配施下减氮增效潜力分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(14): 2907-2918.

JIANG QianHong,LU ZhiFeng,ZHAO HaiYan,GUO JunJie,LIU WenBo,LING Ning,GUO ShiWei. Potential Analysis of Reducing Chemical Nitrogen Inputs While Increasing Efficiency by Organic-Inorganic Fertilization in Winter Rapeseed Producing Areas of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(14): 2907-2918.

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图/表 7

表1

图1

表2

图2

表3

表4

不同施肥处理下的增加产值和增收效益评估（元/hm2）"

处理 Treatment	高淳 Gaochun				安仁 Anren				沙洋 Shayang				休宁 Xiuning				当涂 Dangtu
处理 Treatment	增加产值 Increased production	氮肥和有机肥成本 Chemical N and manure cost	人工成本（施用有机肥） Labor cost Applying organic fertilizer	增收效益 Income increase benefit	增加产值 Increased production	氮肥和有机肥成本Chemical N and manure cost	人工成本（施用有机肥） Labor cost Applying organic fertilizer	增收效益 Income increase benefit	增加产值 Increased production	氮肥和有机肥成本Chemical N and manure cost	人工成本（施用有机肥） Labor cost Applying organic fertilizer	增收效益 Income increase benefit	增加产值 Increased production	氮肥和有机肥成本Chemical N and manure cost	人工成本（施用有机肥） Labor cost Applying organic fertilizer	增收效益 Income increase benefit	增加产值 Increased production	氮肥和有机肥成本Chemical N and manure cost	人工成本（施用有机肥） Labor cost Applying organic fertilizer	增收效益 Income increase benefit
N₀	-		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N₉₀	5301	440	-	4860± 911c^NS	2559	440	-	2119± 216c^**	3647	440	-	3207± 92c^NS	2363	440	-	1923± 93c^NS	2313	440	-	1872± 712b^NS
N₁₃₅	9030	660	-	8370± 503b^NS	4753	660	-	4093± 1039b^NS	5803	660	-	5142± 294b^NS	4906	660	-	4245± 251b^NS	5708	660	-	5048± 340a^NS
N₁₈₀	10395	880	-	9515± 765ab^NS	6981	880	-	6101± 169a^**	6743	880	-	5863± 438a^NS	9473	880	-	8592± 108a^NS	6363	880	-	5483± 445a^NS
N₂₂₅	12352	1101	-	11252± 317a^NS	8441	1101	-	7340± 147a^NS	9601	1101	-	8500± 16a^*	9749	1101	-	8648± 830a^NS	7296	1101	-	6195± 256a^NS
N₂₇₀	12413	1321	-	11092± 495a^NS	7318	1321	-	5997± 172a^NS	9746	1321	-	8426± 38a^*	11672	1321	-	10351± 714a^NS	7516	1321	-	6195± 590a^NS
M+N₀	7060	1800	626	4634± 431d	2178	1800	501	-123± 4c	2354	1800	585	-31± 108d	3712	1800	418	1494± 958c	3632	1800	501	1331± 580b
M+N₉₀	10147	2240	626	7281± 163c	5847	2240	501	3106± 87b	7038	2240	585	4213± 588c	7080	2240	418	4422± 759b	6990	2240	501	4249± 1317a
M+N₁₃₅	11687	2460	626	8601± 647bc	6424	2460	501	3463± 0b	8148	2460	585	5102±498bc	11446	2460	418	8567± 239a	8146	2460	501	5185± 350a
M+N₁₈₀	13710	2680	626	10403± 290a	12096	2680	501	8915± 52a	9652	2680	585	6387± 362ab	13456	2680	418	10358± 603a	9751	2680	501	6569± 787a
M+N₂₂₅	13944	2901	626	10418± 597a	11526	2901	501	8125± 218a	10047	2901	585	6562± 409a	13276	2901	418	9957± 443a	9933	2901	501	6532± 147a
M+N₂₇₀	13869	3121	626	10122± 392ab	11528	3121	501	7907± 776a	11167	3121	585	7461± 197a	12523	3121	418	8985± 624a	9965	3121	501	6343± 505a
N				**				**				**				**				**
M				NS				**				**				NS				NS
N×M				NS				**				*				NS				NS

表4

图3

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地点 Site	生长季积温 Accumulated temperature in growing period (℃)	生长季降水量 Precipitation in growing period (mm)	pH	有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Soil available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	土壤质地 Soil texture
高淳Gaochun 31°19′10″ N, 119°07′54″ E	2420	636	5.6	11.6	0.3	8.4	119.5	黏土Clay
安仁 Anren 26°46′52″ N, 113°10′27″ E	2159	968	5.1	29.8	1.5	27.3	50.2	壤土 Loam
沙洋 Shayang 30°43′60″ N, 112°18′24″ E	2211	368	5.3	20.2	1.5	22.6	160.3	壤土Loam
休宁 Xiuning 29°37′23″ N, 118°11′59″ E	2198	1079	5.5	36.5	2.2	48.7	106.1	黏土Clay
当涂Dangtu 31°20′42″ N, 118°35′15″ E	2284	644	7.0	42.1	2.0	28.2	97.4	砂土 Sandy

处理 Treatment	高淳 Gaochun	安仁 Anren	沙洋 Shayang	休宁 Xiuning	当涂 Dangtu
N	y=12x+142, x<205 y=2486, x≥205 R²=0.947	y=8.0x+46, x<213 y=1754, x≥213 R²=0.920	y=8.8x+78, x<237 y=2159, x≥237 R²=0.980	y=8.6x+1421, x<258 y=3369, x≥258 R²=0.918	y=8.2x +1366, x<202 y=3024, x≥202 R²=0.899
M+N	y=7.0x+1452, x<195 y=2777, x≥195 R²=0.918	y=10x+444, x<199 y=2514, x≥199 R²=0.904	y=8.6x+659, x<195 y=2342, x≥195 R²=0.926	y=9.7x+1887, x<179 y=3629, x≥179 R²=0.892	y=7.3x+2223, x<185 y=3704, x≥185 R²=0.787

处理 Treatment	氮肥偏生产力PFP_N (kg·kg^-1)					氮肥农学效率AE_N (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment	高淳 Gaochun	安仁 Anren	沙洋 Shayang	休宁 Xiuning	当涂 Dangtu	高淳 Gaochun	安仁 Anren	沙洋 Shayang	休宁 Xiuning	当涂 Dangtu
N₀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
N₉₀	12.6±3.9 ab ^*	7.2±1.0 bc ^**	9.6±0.4 ab ^**	19.0±0.4 a ^**	21.3±3.4 a ^*	11.2±3.9 ab ^*	5.9±1.0 a ^**	8.6±0.4 ab ^**	4.7±0.4 c ^**	7.6±0.3 bc ^*
N₁₃₅	13.7±1.4 a ^*	9.4±2.4 a ^NS	9.8±0.9 a ^*	16.1±0.7 b ^**	19.7±1.1 a ^*	12.8±1.4 a ^*	7.3±3.2 a ^NS	9.1±0.9 a^*	6.5±0.7 b ^**	9.2±1.1 a ^*
N₁₈₀	11.7±1.6 ab ^*	8.7±0.4 ab ^**	8.4±1.0 bc ^*	16.6±0.2 b ^**	15.5±1.1 b ^*	11.0±1.6 ab ^*	8.1±0.4 a ^**	8.0±1.0 ab ^*	9.4±0.2 a^**	7.7±1.1 ab ^*
N₂₂₅	11.0±0.5 ab ^NS	8.3±0.3 ab ^**	9.5±0.0 ab ^NS	13.5±1.3 c ^*	13.3±0.5 bc ^**	10.5±0.5 ab ^NS	7.8±0.3 a ^**	9.1±0.0 a ^NS	7.7±1.3 b ^*	7.0±0.5 bc ^**
N₂₇₀	9.2±0.7 b ^NS	6.1±0.3 c ^**	8.0±0.1 c ^**	12.5±0.9 c ^NS	11.3±0.9 c ^NS	8.8±0.7 b ^NS	5.6±0.3 a ^**	7.7±0.1 b ^**	7.7±0.9 b ^NS	6.1±0.9 c ^NS
M+N₀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
M+N₉₀	22.9±0.7 a	14.8±0.4 a	16.0±0.4 a	26.8±1.3 a	29.6±3.6 a	21.5±0.7 a	13.5±0.4 a	15.0±0.4 a	15.5±1.7 a	13.8±3.6 a
M+N₁₃₅	17.4±1.8 b	10.7±0.0 b	13.5±1.6 b	24.7±0.6 b	23.6±1.1 b	16.5±1.8 b	9.9±0.0 bc	12.8±1.6 b	15.1±0.6 a	13.1±1.1 a
M+N₁₈₀	15.2±0.6 b	14.6±0.1 a	11.9±0.9 b	20.5±1.2 c	19.6±1.9 c	14.3±0.4 c	14.0±0.1 a	11.4±0.9 bc	13.3±1.2 ab	11.8±1.9 ab
M+N₂₂₅	12.4±1.0 c	11.2±0.4 b	9.9±0.8 c	16.3±0.7 d	15.9±0.3 d	11.8±1.0 c	10.7±0.4 b	9.5±0.8 c	10.5±0.7 bc	9.6±0.3 bc
M+N₂₇₀	9.6±0.9 c	8.6±0.3 c	9.1±0.3 c	13.1±0.8 e	13.3±0.8 d	10.0±0.8 c	8.9±1.2 c	8.8±0.3 c	8.3±0.8 c	8.0±0.8 c
N	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
M	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
N×M	**	**	**	**	NS	**	*	**	**	NS