适宜氮水平下冬油菜苗期不同叶位叶片光合氮分配特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.18.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨适宜氮水平下冬油菜苗期不同叶位叶片的光合速率及其内部光合氮素利用特征，并分析氮素营养影响光合氮利用效率的限制因子，为合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用田间试验，设置4个施氮水平（0、45、180和360 kg·hm^-2，分别用N₀、N₄₅、N₁₈₀和N₃₆₀表示），测定苗期干物质积累及成熟期产量。选取N₀（对照）和N₁₈₀（适宜氮水平）处理，将植株绿叶从上而下平均分为上部、中部和下部，测定不同叶位叶片最大净光合速率（Pn_max）、氮含量（N_A）、叶绿素含量（Cc）以及可溶性蛋白氮含量（N_S）等相关生理、光合参数，并计算叶片氮素在光合组织系统（羧化系统、生物力能学组分和捕光系统）的分配比例，分析叶片氮素利用特征。【结果】施氮对冬油菜增产效果显著，N₄₅、N₁₈₀和N₃₆₀较N₀处理增产幅度分别达170.0%、505.6%和604.1%，其中，N₁₈₀与N₃₆₀处理产量差异不显著；苗期干物质积累与产量表现一致。与N₀处理相比，N₁₈₀处理冬油菜不同叶位叶片N_A、Cc和Pn_max均显著升高，上部和中部叶片光合氮利用效率（PNUE）有所下降。光合组织系统氮分配结果表明，N₁₈₀处理上部、中部叶片，氮素在光合组织系统中羧化系统（P_C）、生物力能学组分（P_B）及捕光系统（P_L）的分配比例均低于N₀处理，但各组分氮含量较N₀处理平均增加幅度分别达到20.6%、11.8%和28.8%。施氮与否对相同叶位叶片可溶性蛋白氮（N_S）与非可溶性蛋白氮（N_non-S）的比例影响不大，但显著影响光合组织系统在N_S和N_non-S中的分配，其中N₀处理各部叶片的羧化系统氮含量（N_C）占N_S的比例平均为83.4%，N₁₈₀处理比例为60.3%。基于边界线分析法定量各光合组织系统分配对PNUE的影响结果表明，P_C和P_B对PNUE的影响大小分别为26.8%和42.6%，显著高于P_L的影响。氮素营养对PNUE的影响以P_C和P_B限制为主，平均所占比例达77.8%。上部叶PNUE主要受P_C限制，所占比例达83.3%；而下部叶片PNUE主要受P_B和P_L限制。【结论】施氮对冬油菜增产效果显著，施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时较为适宜。缺氮条件下，植株将有限的氮尽可能地向光合器官中分配，且下部叶片光合氮素较早发生降解，而适宜氮水平下能维持光合蛋白在各自蛋白类型内的分配比例。氮素营养限制光合氮素利用效率提高的主要因子是羧化系统和生物力能学组分氮分配；随着叶位的降低光合氮素利用效率的主要限制因子由羧化系统氮分配逐渐转变为捕光系统及生物力能学组分氮分配。

关键词: 冬油菜, 氮素营养, 叶位, 氮分配, 光合氮利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen allocation on the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves at different positions in winter oilseed rape under suitable nitrogen level at seedling stage and to analyze the limiting factors that affect the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency by nitrogen nutrition, and provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer.【Method】A field experiment was carried out with designed four nitrogen levels (0, 45, 180, 360 kg·hm^-2, marked as N₀, N₄₅, N₁₈₀and N₃₆₀, respectively). The dry matter at seedling stage and seed yield were determined. Then the N₀ and N₁₈₀ treatments were selected, the plant leaves were equally divided into 3 groups (upper, middle and lower) by leaf number from top to bottom. Some physiology and photosynthetic parameters (e.g., net photosynthetic rate (Pn_max), nitrogen content (N_A), chlorophyll content (Cc) and soluble protein nitrogen content (N_S)) tested on leaves at different positions were measured to calculate nitrogen allocation in the photosynthetic apparatus (carboxylation, bioenergetics and light-harvesting components). 【Result】 Seed yield was increased significantly by nitrogen fertilization, compared with N₀ treatment, N₄₅, N₁₈₀ and N₃₆₀were increased by 170%, 505.6% and 604.1%, respectively and the dry matter accumulation was consistent with the yield. Compared with N₀ treatment, N_A, Cc and Pn_max were significantly increased in different leaf positions by nitrogen fertilization, but photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) has significantly declined in the upper and middle leaves. For nitrogen allocation on the photosynthetic apparatus, the proportion of the carboxylation (P_C), bioenergetics (P_B) and light harvesting system (P_L) in the upper and middle leaves of N₁₈₀ treatment were lower than that of N₀ treatment, but the nitrogen contents of those components were higher than that of N₀ treatment and the increasing extent of the components were 20.6%, 11.8% and 28.8%, respectively. The ratio between soluble protein nitrogen content (N_S) and non-soluble protein nitrogen content (N_non-S) was not significantly influenced by whether nitrogen fertilization or not in the same position leaves, but the photosynthetic component partitioning in N_S or N_non-S was significantly influenced, which the ratio of nitrogen content of the carboxylation (N_C) to N_S was an average of 83.4% in all leaves in N₀ treatment, while that of the N₁₈₀ treatment was only 60.3%. Based on boundary line approach to quantify the influence of each component of the photosynthetic apparatus for PNUE, the results indicated that the influence degrees of P_C and P_B were 26.8% and 42.6%, significantly higher than that of P_L. The influence of nitrogen nutrition on PNUE was dominated by P_C and P_B, which the average proportion reached 77.8%. P_C was the main limiting factor of PNUE in upper leaves, which the influence degree reached 83.3%, while dominated by P_B and P_L in the lower leaves.【Conclusion】 Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on increasing yield of winter rape and the optimum nitrogen application rate was 180 kg·hm^-2. More nitrogen was allocated to photosynthetic apparatus by plant, and the photosynthetic nitrogen can be degraded earlier in the lower leaves under nitrogen deficiency. Suitable nitrogen level can maintain the distribution of the photosynthetic proteins within the types of their proteins. The effect of nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency is dominated by allocation of nitrogen to the carboxylation and bioenergetics. The dominant effect by the distribution of the carboxylation was transformed to the dominant effect by the distribution of the light harvesting system and bioenergetics along with the decline of leaf position.

Key words: winter oilseed rape, nitrogen, leaf position, nitrogen allocation, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency

刘涛，鲁剑巍，任涛，汪威，王振，王少华. 适宜氮水平下冬油菜苗期不同叶位叶片光合氮分配特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(18): 3532-3541.

LIU Tao, LU Jian-wei, REN Tao, WANG Wei, WANG Zhen, WANG Shao-hua. Characteristics of Photosynthetic Nitrogen Allocation in Leaves of Different Positions in Winter Oilseed Rape at Seedling Stage Under Suitable Nitrogen Level[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(18): 3532-3541.

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