我国不同麦区土施硒肥的小麦富硒效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.15.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】基于不同麦区气候、土壤、耕作、田间管理条件，研究土施硒肥对我国不同麦区小麦富硒效果及土壤有效硒含量的影响，分析不同麦区小麦籽粒硒含量提升效果差异的区域影响因素，为高效利用硒肥、科学推进富硒小麦生产提供依据。【方法】试验于2022—2024年在我国小麦主产区的陕西永寿、河北柏乡、四川梓潼、安徽舒城4个试验点进行，采用单因素随机区组设计，设置土施硒肥（亚硒酸钠）0、100、200、300和400 g·hm^-2共5个处理（Se0、Se100、Se200、Se300、Se400）。在小麦开花期和成熟期分别采集植株和土壤样品，测定分析各地的小麦产量、开花期及成熟期小麦植株硒含量、硒吸收量及土壤有效硒含量。【结果】土施硒肥对小麦产量及地上部生物量无显著影响；小麦地上部各器官硒含量及硒积累量均随着施硒量的增加而显著提高；小麦籽粒硒含量与硒肥施用量呈线性正相关，4个供试地区小麦富硒效果依次为河北柏乡>陕西永寿>安徽舒城>四川梓潼，每增施1 g·hm^-2硒肥，籽粒硒含量分别提升1.03、0.57、0.35和0.33 μg·kg^-1；相同施硒量下，开花期硒转运系数TF_穗/茎叶值均高于TF_茎叶/根值，成熟期硒转运系数TF_{籽粒/茎叶}值随着施硒量的增加而提高，说明亚硒酸盐不易从小麦根部进入茎叶中，却易从茎叶向穗中转运。土壤有效硒含量随着施硒量的增加显著提高，增加幅度表现为陕西永寿>河北柏乡>安徽舒城>四川梓潼，每增施1 g·hm^-2硒肥，4个试验点土壤有效硒含量分别提升0.141、0.077、0.008和0.008 μg·kg^-1；陕西永寿、河北柏乡、四川梓潼、安徽舒城达到富硒小麦籽粒硒含量要求（>150 μg·kg^-1）的施硒量分别为232、0、376和354 g·hm^-2。【结论】在土壤硒含量不高的情况下，土施硒肥在不同麦区均可实现富硒小麦的生产并提高土壤有效硒含量，但在碱性土壤中小麦富硒效果更好、土壤有效硒含量提升更高；达到小麦富硒（>150 μg·kg^-1）要求时碱性土壤所需硒肥用量低于酸性土壤。

关键词: 小麦主产区, 硒肥, 籽粒硒含量, 土壤硒含量, 硒强化指数

Abstract:

【Objective】 Based on varying climate, soil, tillage, and field management conditions in different wheat-producing regions of China, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of soil-applied selenium (Se) fertilizer on Se enrichment in wheat and the available Se content in soil. Furthermore, the regional factors contributing to differences in the enhancement of Se content in wheat grain across these diverse areas were analyzed. These findings would provide a foundation for the efficient utilization of Se fertilizer and the scientific advancement of biofortified Se in wheat grain. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 in four representative wheat-producing regions of China, including Yongshou County of Shaanxi Province, Baixiang County of Hebei Province, Zitong County of Sichuan Province, and Shucheng County of Anhui Province. Five different levels of selenite fertilizer were applied: 0 (Se0), 100 (Se100), 200 (Se200), 300 (Se300), and 400 (Se400) g·hm^-2. At the flowering and maturity stages of wheat, wheat plant and soil samples in each plot were collected. The wheat biomass, grain yield, Se content of different wheat organs, Se uptake and soil available Se content in different wheat-producing regions were determined and analyzed. 【Result】 Soil-applied Se fertilizer had no significant effect on wheat yield and aboveground biomass. Selenium content and accumulation in wheat organs were significantly increased with the increase of Se application rate. There was a linear positive correlation between Se content and Se application rate, and the selenium enrichment effect was in the order of Baixiang of Hebei Province > Yongshou of Shaanxi Province > Shucheng of Anhui Province > Zitong of Sichuan Province, and the Se content of grain was increased by 1.03, 0.57, 0.35, and 0.33 μg·kg^-1, respectively with each application of 1 g·hm^-2 selenium. Under the same Se application level, TF_{spike/stem and leaf} value at flowering stage was higher than TF_{stem and leaf/root} value, and TF_{grain/stem and leaf} value at maturity stage was increased with the increase of Se application rate, indicating that selenite was not easily transferred from root to stem and leaf, but easily transferred from stem and leaf to ear. The soil available Se content was significantly increased with the increase of Se application rate and the increasing effect was in the order of Yongshou of Shaanxi Province > Baixiang of Hebei Province > Shucheng of Anhui Province > Zitong of Sichuan Province, and the soil available Se content at the four sites was increased by 1.141, 0.077, 0.008, and 0.008 μg·kg^-1, respectively with a rate of 1 g·hm^-2 selenium application. The Se fertilizer application rate to meet the enrichment of grain selenium (150 μg·kg^-1) in Yongshou of Shaanxi Province, Baixiang of Hebei Province, Zitong of Sichuan Province and Shucheng of Anhui Province were 232, 0, 376, and 354 g·hm^-2, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In the wheat fields with low soil Se content, the application of Se fertilizer could lead to the production of Se-enriched wheat grain and an increase in the soil Se content in various wheat-producing regions of China. However, in alkaline soils, the enrichment of Se in wheat grain was more effective and the enhancement of soil available Se content was greater. The input rate of Se fertilizer for selenium enrichment requirement of wheat (>150 μg·kg^-1) was lower in the alkaline soil than that in the acid soils.

Key words: main wheat-producing area, Se fertilization, grain Se content, soil Se content, Se biofortification

礼海风, 李文虎, 李宇珂, 王朝辉, 刘金山. 我国不同麦区土施硒肥的小麦富硒效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(15): 3036-3050.

LI HaiFeng, LI WenHu, LI YuKe, WANG ZhaoHui, LIU JinShan. Effect of Applying Selenium Fertilizer to Soil on Selenium Enrichment of Winter Wheat in the Different Wheat-Producing Areas of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(15): 3036-3050.

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地点 Site	pH	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	总硒 Total Se (mg·kg^-1)	有效硒 Available Se (µg·kg^-1)
陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	8.38	13.43	0.92	12.10	2.85	13.87	143.25	0.20	7.11
河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	8.35	16.58	1.11	10.97	3.51	12.43	99.75	0.34	17.34
四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	5.94	24.20	1.59	2.38	3.83	16.63	72.00	0.17	1.20
安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	5.38	23.64	1.61	5.52	7.81	38.47	123.75	0.25	0.97

年份 Year	地点 Site	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)					地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (t·hm^-2)
年份 Year	地点 Site	Se0	Se100	Se200	Se300	Se400	Se0	Se100	Se200	Se300	Se400
2022-2023	陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	6.52b	6.13b	6.20b	7.20a	6.33b	15.05b	14.41b	14.44b	16.72a	15.19b
	河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	8.49a	8.62a	8.58a	8.91a	8.64a	16.99a	17.42a	17.53a	18.63a	17.76a
	四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	7.05a	7.70a	7.43a	7.52a	7.61a	13.59a	14.79a	14.21a	14.54a	14.79a
	安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	5.91a	6.42a	6.21a	6.25a	6.14a	11.69a	12.21a	11.89a	12.04a	11.69a
2023-2024	陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	7.75a	7.50a	7.73a	8.16a	8.04a	15.31a	15.00a	15.13a	15.78a	15.80a
	河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	9.09a	8.95a	9.33a	9.21a	8.74a	16.87a	16.54a	17.09a	17.11a	16.11a
	四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	7.98a	8.00a	8.33a	8.36a	8.20a	15.07a	14.70a	15.50a	15.31a	15.12a
	安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	4.94a	4.66a	5.55a	4.97a	5.26a	8.63a	8.03a	9.76a	8.74a	9.31a
两年均值 Two-year average	陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	7.14ab	6.92b	6.97ab	7.68a	7.19ab	15.18b	14.71b	14.79b	16.25a	15.49ab
	河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	8.79a	8.79a	8.95a	9.06a	8.69a	16.93a	16.98a	17.31a	17.87a	16.94a
	四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	7.52a	7.85a	7.88a	7.94a	7.91a	14.33a	14.75a	14.86a	14.92a	14.95a
	安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	5.43a	5.54a	5.88a	5.61a	5.70a	10.16a	10.12a	10.82a	10.39a	10.46a

地点 Site	施硒量 Se application rate (g·hm^-2)
地点 Site	2022-2023	2023-2024	平均 Average
陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	183	281	232
河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	—	—	—
四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	370	382	376
安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	353	356	354

地点 Site	时期 Stage	TF_Se	处理 Treatment
地点 Site	时期 Stage	TF_Se	Se0	Se100	Se200	Se300	Se400
陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_穗/茎叶	0.30±0.09b	0.47±0.13ab	0.63±0.10a	0.71±0.40a	0.61±0.11ab
	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_茎叶/根	0.08±0.04a	0.09±0.02a	0.11±0.03a	0.13±0.06a	0.12±0.02a
	成熟期 Maturity stage	TF_{籽粒/茎叶}	0.41±0.21b	0.45±0.32b	1.10±0.27a	1.27±0.49a	1.23±0.18a
河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_穗/茎叶	0.69±0.42a	0.58±0.21a	0.49±0.17a	0.51±0.19a	0.48±0.09a
	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_茎叶/根	0.28±0.13b	0.28±0.09b	0.34±0.08ab	0.39±0.1ab	0.47±0.12a
	成熟期 Maturity stage	TF_{籽粒/茎叶}	1.49±0.40a	1.60±0.56a	1.84±0.59a	1.94±0.70a	1.90±0.29a
四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_穗/茎叶	0.48±0.33a	0.43±0.16a	0.45±0.08a	0.34±0.08a	0.43±0.06a
	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_茎叶/根	0.12±0.05a	0.10±0.02a	0.10±0.02a	0.12±0.03a	0.09±0.02a
	成熟期 Maturity stage	TF_{籽粒/茎叶}	0.53±0.16b	0.89±0.22ab	1.00±0.18ab	1.06±0.28ab	1.38±0.73a
安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_穗/茎叶	0.41±0.15a	0.32±0.12a	0.30±0.08a	0.35±0.10a	0.38±0.14a
	开花期 Flowering stage	TF_茎叶/根	0.12±0.02b	0.17±0.02ab	0.17±0.03ab	0.17±0.04ab	0.19±0.06a
	成熟期 Maturity stage	TF_{籽粒/茎叶}	0.44±0.14c	0.60±0.22bc	0.74±0.12abc	0.91±0.19ab	1.02±0.31a

年份 Year	地点 Site	硒强化指数 Se biofortification index ((μg·kg^-1)·(g·hm^-2)^-1)
年份 Year	地点 Site	茎叶 Straw	颖壳 Glume	籽粒 Grain	麸皮 Bran	面粉 Flour
2022-2023	陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	0.31±0.08ab	0.22±0.03a	0.64±0.10b	0.80±0.12b	0.53±0.09b
	河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	0.33±0.02a	0.18±0.04ab	1.07±0.20a	1.38±0.13a	0.90±0.29a
	四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	0.23±0.03b	0.13±0.03b	0.31±0.04c	0.36±0.12c	0.29±0.04c
	安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	0.13±0.02c	0.15±0.02b	0.35±0.02c	0.60±0.03bc	0.17±0.04d
2023-2024	陕西永寿 Yongshou, Shaanxi	0.28±0.07b	0.05±0.01b	0.42±0.11b	0.58±0.17b	0.32±0.04b
	河北柏乡 Baixiang, Hebei	0.57±0.07a	0.29±0.04a	1.14±0.18a	1.68±0.29a	0.85±0.12a
	四川梓潼 Zitong, Sichuan	0.18±0.06b	0.09±0.01b	0.32±0.04c	0.47±0.09b	0.20±0.02bc
	安徽舒城 Shucheng, Anhui	0.25±0.06b	0.06±0.01b	0.33±0.01c	0.57±0.08b	0.16±0.05c