越橘品质指标评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.12.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨越橘品质指标间的相互关系,构建和完善越橘品质性状的综合评价体系,为合理评价越橘品质提供理论参考。【方法】以92份越橘果实为材料,测定单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比7项品质指标,运用相关分析揭示指标间的相互关系,运用正态分布理论进行品质指标概率分级,利用因子分析确定越橘品质评价指标,运用层次分析确立评价指标的权重并建立指标评分标准。【结果】越橘品质指标间离散程度差异很大,其变异系数分别为67.12%（固酸比）、45.46%（可滴定酸含量）、35.28%（单果重）、23.48%（维生素C含量）、18.23%（可溶性固形物含量）、18.05%（果实硬度）和6.05%（果形指数）。可滴定酸含量和维生素C含量均服从正态分布,概率值P均大于0.05,果形指数、果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量去掉个别极端值后,也服从正态分布,单果重的概率值P为0.0494,接近0.05,视为符合正态分布,固酸比呈偏态分布。可滴定酸含量和固酸比之间呈极显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.81742,二者间存在极显著的幂函数变化趋势,决定系数R ²为0.9005。筛选出4项越橘品质代表性指标,包括可溶性固形物含量（甜味指标）、可滴定酸含量（酸味指标）、维生素C含量（营养指标）和果实硬度（质地指标）,4项代表性指标划分为5个等级,即极低、低、中、高和极高。建立4项代表性指标评分标准,将92份越橘果实划分为3个等级,即优等、中等和差等。【结论】越橘品质代表性指标包括可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量和果实硬度,建立的4项品质指标评分标准可用于越橘品质的科学评价与分类。

关键词: 越橘, 品质评价, 概率分级, 指标评分标准

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the relationship among the indexes of blueberry quality and to establish their scientific grading standards, so as to provide a theoretical reference for reasonable evaluation of blueberry quality.【Method】Seven indexes (fruit weight, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, total soluble solid/titratable acidity, fruit shape and vitamin C) of samples were determined, and the relationship among indexes were probed with correlation and regression analysis. Indexes were graded by probability grading, and typical indexes were identified by principal component analysis and systematic cluster analysis. The weight of indicator scores was identified by analytic hierarchy process. 【Result】 The dispersion degree varied greatly among blueberry quality indexes with the variable coefficient of 67.12% (total soluble solid/titratable), 45.46% (titratable acidity), 35.28% (fruit weight), 23.48% (vitamin C), 18.23% (total soluble solid), 18.05% (fruit firmness), and 6.05% (fruit shape). Both titratable acidity and vitamin C distributed normally, with probability values above 0.05. The distribution of fruit weight could be considered as normal with the probability value of 0.0494 (close to 0.05). If some extreme values were removed, other three indexes (fruit shape, fruit firmness, and total soluble solid) also distributed normally. Titratable acidity had a significant negative correlation with total soluble solid/titratable acidity, with correlation coefficient of -0.81742. Total soluble solid/titratable acidity had a significant power function concerning titratable acidity, and the coefficient of determination was 0.9005. From the evaluated seven indexes, four indexes (titratable acidity, total soluble solid, vitamin C and fruit firmness) were screened as evaluation indexes of blueberry quality, which represented sour index, sweet index, nutritional index and texture index respectively. These four indexes could be divided into 5 grades (lower, low, medium, high, and higher) with normal distribution, and the scoring standards of them were also established. By using these four selected indexes, blueberries from different regions were divided into three groups, including superior, medium and inferior. 【Conclusion】Blueberry quality could be evaluated by 4 indexes, including total soluble solid, titratable acidity, vitamin C and fruit firmness. The established scoring standards of four indexes could be effective in evaluation and classification of blueberry quality.

Key words: blueberry, quality evaluation, probability grading, indicator scoring standard

张佳, 聂继云, 张惠, 李静, 李也. 越橘品质指标评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(12): 2128-2139.

ZHANG Jia, NIE JiYun, ZHANG Hui, LI Jing, LI Ye. Evaluation Indexes for Blueberry Quality[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(12): 2128-2139.

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图/表 12

表1

样品一览表"

编号 No.	品种 Cultivar	来源 Region	品种群 Varieties	编号 No.	品种 Cultivar	来源 Region	品种群 Varieties
1	密斯蒂 Misty	青岛 Qingdao	南高丛 Southern highbush	47	托柔 Turo	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
2	蓝丰 Bluecrop	青岛 Qingdao	北高丛 Northern highbush	48	奥尼尔 O'Neal	营口 Yingkou	南高丛 Southern highbush
3	北陆 Northland	青岛 Qingdao	半高丛 Half-high	49	蓝金 Bluegold	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
4	都克 Duke	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	50	日升 Sunrise	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
5	蓝天 Bluehaven	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	51	布里吉塔 Brigitta	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
6	哈迪蓝 Hardyblue	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	52	达柔 Darrow	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
7	普鲁 Puru	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	53	康维尔 Coville	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
8	瑞卡 Reka	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	54	早蓝 Earliblue	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
9	艾玛蓝 Amblue	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	55	北卫 Patriot	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
10	博吉塔蓝Briteblue	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	56	奴依Nui	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
11	奥林匹亚 Olimpia	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	57	喜莱 Serria	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
12	早蓝 Earliblue	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	58	晚蓝 Lateblue	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
13	蓝丰 Bluecrop	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	59	达柔 Darrow	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
14	蓝乐 Bluejay	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	60	埃利奥特 Elliott	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush
15	久比力 Jubilee	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	61	蓝丰Bluecrop	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
16	蓝筹 Bluechip	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	62	都克 Duke	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
17	博尼法西Bonifacy	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	63	奥林匹亚 Olimpia	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
18	日升 Sunrise	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	64	钱德勒 Chandler	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
19	北陆 Northland	威海 Weihai	半高丛Half-high	65	瑞卡 Reka	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
20	蓝金 Bluegold	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	66	泽西 Jersey	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
21	奥尼尔 O'Neal	威海 Weihai	南高丛 Southern highbush	67	普鲁 Puru	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
22	密斯蒂 Misty	威海 Weihai	南高丛 Southern highbush	68	布里吉塔 Brigitta	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
23	北卫 Patriot	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	69	伯克利 Berkeley	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
24	双丰 Sweetheart	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	70	达柔 Darrow	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
25	康维尔 Coville	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	71	赫伯特 Herberd	丹东 Dandong	北高丛 Northern highbush
26	斯巴坦 Spartan	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	72	北村Northcountry	丹东 Dandong	半高丛Half-high
27	蓝塔 Bluetta	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	73	蓝金 Bluegold	大连 Dalian	北高丛 Northern highbush
28	晚蓝 Lateblue	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	74	伯克利 Berkeley	大连 Dalian	北高丛 Northern highbush
29	埃利奥特 Elliott	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	75	北陆 Northland	大连 Dalian	半高丛Half-high
30	泽西 Jersey	威海 Weihai	北高丛 Northern highbush	76	普特 Putte	长春 Changchun	矮丛 Lowbush
31	都克 Duke	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	77	蓝金 Bluegold	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
32	达柔 Darrow	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	78	奥若拉 Aurora	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
33	双丰 Sweetheart	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	79	都克 Duke	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
34	北陆 Northland	连云港 Lianyungang	半高丛Half-high	80	AF4	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
35	奥尼尔 O'Neal	连云港 Lianyungang	南高丛 Southern highbush	81	HL11	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
36	布里吉塔 Brigitta	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	82	伯克利 Berkeley	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
37	蓝丰 Bluecrop	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	83	种植者 Grower	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
38	瑞卡 Reka	连云港 Lianyungang	北高丛 Northern highbush	84	雷戈西 Legacy	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
39	泽西 Jersey	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	85	AF1	长春 Changchun	北高丛 Northern highbush
40	伯克利 Berkeley	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	86	蓝丰 Bluecrop	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush
41	齐佩瓦 Chippewa	营口 Yingkou	半高丛Half-high	87	蓝金 Bluegold	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush
42	北陆 Northland	营口 Yingkou	半高丛Half-high	88	北蓝 Northblue	通化 Tonghua	半高丛Half-high
43	斯巴坦 Spartan	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	89	北陆 Northland	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush
44	黑珍珠 Blackpearl	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	90	都克 Duke	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush
45	蓝丰 Bluecrop	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	91	伯克利 Berkeley	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush
46	瑞卡 Reka	营口 Yingkou	北高丛 Northern highbush	92	埃利奥特 Elliott	通化 Tonghua	北高丛 Northern highbush

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指标 Index	变幅 Range	平均数 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 CV (%)
单果重Fruit weight (g)	0.68—5.21	1.99	0.70	35.28
果实硬度Fruit firmness (g·mm^-1)	73.7—200.1	148.4	26.78	18.05
果形指数Fruit shape	0.65—0.88	0.73	0.04	6.05
维生素C含量Vitamin C (mg/100 g)	6.6—18.9	10.9	2.56	23.48
可溶性固形物含量Total soluble solid (%)	8.3—20	12.4	2.26	18.23
可滴定酸含量Titratable acidity (%)	0.15—1.54	0.7	0.34	45.46
固酸比Total soluble solid/Titratable acidity	6.7—89.5	22.1	14.81	67.12

指标 Index	单果重 Fruit weight	果实硬度 Fruit firmness	果形指数 Fruit shape index	维生素C含量 Vitamin C	可溶性固形物含量 Total soluble solid	可滴定酸含量 Titratable acidity
果实硬度Fruit firmness	0.0890
果形指数Fruit shape index	-0.6044**	0.0443
维生素C含量Vitamin C	-0.4590**	0.2394	0.2824
可溶性固形物含量Total soluble solid	-0.4100**	0.1609	0.0441	0.4588**
可滴定酸含量Titratable acidity	0.3439	0.0971	-0.4427**	-0.3919	-0.1052
固酸比Total soluble solid/titratable acidity	-0.3443	-0.0099	0.4210**	0.4784**	0.2846	-0.8174**

指标 Index	因子权重 Component weight
指标 Index	因子1 Component 1	因子2 Component 2	因子3 Component 3	因子4 Component 4
单果重Fruit weight	-0.072	0.583	0.694	-0.264
果实硬度Fruit firmness	-0.104	-0.180	-0.024	-0.949
果形指数Fruit shape index	0.325	-0.054	-0.187	-0.081
维生素C含量Vitamin C	0.369	-0.669	-0.872	-0.247
可溶性固形物Total soluble solid	0.080	-0.860	0.173	-0.137
可滴定酸含量Titratable acidity	-0.934	0.063	0.186	-0.067
固酸比Total soluble solid/ titratable acidity	0.824	-0.254	-0.075	0.059
贡献率 Variance contribution	28.4%	25.3%	16.5%	15.2%
累积贡献率Percent of variance	28.4%	53.7%	70.2%	85.4%

指标 Index	样本量 Sample size	等级 Grade	极低 Lower	低 Low	中 Medium	高 High	极高 Higher
果实硬度Fruit firmness	88	标准Standard (g·mm^-1)	<114.8	114.8—134.7	134.8—162.4	162.5—182.3	>182.3
		分布Distribution (%)	8	24	36	18	14
维生素C含量Vitamin C	92	标准Standard (mg/100 g)	<7.6	7.6—9.5	9.6—12.2	12.3—14.2	>14.2
		分布Distribution (%)	8	28	34	18	12
可溶性固形物含量Total soluble solid	90	标准Standard (%)	<9.7	9.7—11.2	11.3—13.3	13.4—14.8	>14.8
		分布Distribution (%)	12	19	39	22	8
可滴定酸含量Titratable acidity	92	标准Standard (%)	<0.31	0.31—0.57	0.58—0.92	0.93—1.18	>1.18
		分布Distribution (%)	11	23	32	26	9

指标 Index	果实硬度 Fruit firmness	维生素C含量 Vitamin C	可溶性固形物含量 Total soluble solid	可滴定酸含量 Titratable acidity	指标权重 Index weight (%)
果实硬度Fruit firmness	1	1/3	1/4	1/4	8.41
维生素C含量Vitamin C	3	1	1	1	29.13
可溶性固形物含量Total soluble solid	4	1	1	1	31.23
可滴定酸含量Titratable acidity	4	1	1	1	31.23