不同降水年型黄土旱塬冬小麦免耕与深松轮耕蓄墒增收效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的为旱区不同降水年型冬小麦蓄墒增产耕作方式的选择提供科学依据。方法于2007—2018年在陕西黄土旱塬实施免耕与深松轮耕长期定位试验,设置免耕/免耕/深松（NNS）、免耕/深松（NS）和连续免耕（N）3种耕作处理,分析不同降水年型轮耕模式下冬小麦休闲期和生育期蓄墒效果及ET、WUE、产量和经济效益。结果降水年型对冬小麦休闲期及生育期土壤蓄墒、ET、WUE、产量和经济效益影响显著。丰水年型较干旱和平水年型分别提高冬小麦休闲期（23.9%和31.9%）和生育期（6.5%和16.6%）0—200 cm土层土壤蓄墒量,并在冬小麦水分急剧消耗的拔节期至灌浆期,分别增加耗水量1倍和3倍以上,且较干旱和平水年型WUE分别提高21.1%和16.3%,增产70.0%和25.8%,增效2倍和1/2倍以上。干旱、丰水和平水年型分别以免耕/深松（NS）（106.1 mm）、连续免耕（N）（192.0 mm）和连续免耕（N）（91.5 mm）处理休闲期0—200 cm土壤蓄墒量最高;生育期0—100 cm土壤蓄墒效果受降雨和冬小麦生长发育影响波动较大,但120—200 cm深层土壤蓄水量基本呈“先增后减”的稳定变化趋势,并以免耕和深松轮耕措施蓄墒效果较好;免耕/免耕/深松（NNS）处理在干旱和丰水年型WUE及增产增效优势显著,在平水年型,连续免耕（N）处理产量和经济效益最高,分别为4 297 kg·hm ^-2和4 773元/hm ²。受深松作业及其频次影响,免耕/免耕/深松（NNS）和免耕/深松（NS）轮耕处理分别增加生产成本172和227元/hm ²,但生产投入的高低并非是影响经济效益的关键因素。较免耕/深松（NS）处理,免耕/免耕/深松（NNS）能以较少的深松频次节省生产成本,以较高的籽粒产量实现经济效益的最大化,具有减耗节水、提高冬小麦WUE和节本增效的优势,并在多数试验年份下保持节水减耗、经济高效的生产正效应,更具生产普适性。结论从可持续农业生产及绿色低耗高效的发展目标综合分析,推荐免耕/免耕/深松（NNS）轮耕措施为黄土旱区冬小麦蓄墒增产增收的最适耕作方式。

关键词: 黄土旱塬, 冬小麦, 免耕与深松轮耕, 蓄水保墒, 产量, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aims of this study were to provide scientific basis for the selection of tillage method of soil moisture accumulation and yield increase in different precipitation types of winter wheat in the arid region of China. 【Method】 Long-term no-tillage and subsoiling rotational tillage experiments were carried out in the Loess Plateau dryland, Shaanxi province from 2007 to 2018. Three tillage treatments, including no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling(NNS), no-tillage/subsoiling(NS) and continuous no-tillage (N), were set up to compare and analyze the effects of different precipitation patterns and tillage treatments on soil water storage, ET, WUE, yield and economic profits of winter wheat during its summer-fallow and growth period. 【Result】 Different precipitation patterns had significant impact on soil water storage, ET, WUE, yield and economic profits during the fallow and growth period of winter wheat. Compared with dry and normal year, the soil water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer in fallow period (23.9% and 31.9%) and growth period (6.5% and 16.6%) of winter wheat could be increased in humid precipitation pattern, and the water consumption in elongation and grain-filling period of winter wheat with rapid water consumption increased by more than 1 and 3 times, respectively; Whilst, the WUE increased by 21.1% and 16.3%, yield increased by 70.0% and 25.8%, and economic profits increased by more than 2 and 1/2 times, respectively. The soil water storage of 0-200 cm in fallow period was better treated by dry, humid and normal year under no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) (106.1mm), continuous no-tillage (N) (192.0 mm) and continuous no-tillage (N) (91.5 mm), respectively. The soil water accumulation of 0-100 cm in the growth period fluctuates greatly under the influence of precipitation and the growth of winter wheat. However, the soil water storage in 120-200 cm soil depth showed a stable change trend of “first increase, then decrease”, and the water storage effect of no-tillage and subsoiling rotational system was better. No-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) treatment had significant advantages in prompting yield and increasing the WUE in dry and humid year. In normal year, the yield and economic profits of continuous no-tillage (N) treatment were the highest, 4 297 kg·hm ^-2 and 4 773 yuan/hm ², respectively. Under the influence of subsoiling and its frequency, the production cost of no-tillage/no- tillage/subsoiling (NNS) and no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) average increased by 172 and 227 yuan/hm ², respectively, but the level of production input was not the key factor affecting economic profits. Compared with no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) treatment, no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) treatment could save production input with less subsoiling frequency and increase grain yield at the same time to maximize economic benefits. It had the advantages of reducing consumption and saving water, improving WUE and saving cost of winter wheat and increasing economic profit and maintains a positive production effect in most experimental years, also had more universal application. 【Conclusion】 Based on the comprehensive analysis of sustainable agricultural production and the development goals of green, low consumption and high water efficiency, no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) rotational tillage was recommended as the most suitable tillage method for the winter wheat continuous cropping field in the Loess Plateau.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, no-tillage and subsoiling rotational system, soil water storage conservation, yield, economic profit

于琦,李军,周栋,王淑兰,王浩,李敖,张元红,宁芳,王小利,王瑞. 不同降水年型黄土旱塬冬小麦免耕与深松轮耕蓄墒增收效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(11): 1870-1882.

YU Qi,LI Jun,ZHOU Dong,WANG ShuLan,WANG Hao,LI Ao,ZHANG YuanHong,NING Fang,WANG XiaoLi,WANG Rui. Effects of No-Tillage/Subsoiling Rotational Tillage System on Increasing Soil Water Storage and Crop Yield Under Different Precipitation Patterns of Winter Wheat in the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(11): 1870-1882.

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年份 Year	AR (mm)	DI-1	降水类型 Precipitation patterns	TPG (mm)	DI-2	降水类型 Precipitation patterns	TPF (mm)	DI-3	降水类型 Precipitation patterns
2007-2008	511.4	0.14	N	204.8	-0.16	N	306.6	0.32	N
2008-2009	624.9	1.74	H	341.7	2.10	H	283.2	-0.06	N
2009-2010	395.9	-1.49	D	207.9	-0.11	N	188.0	-1.58	D
2010-2011	458.0	-0.61	D	152.5	-1.03	D	305.5	0.30	N
2011-2012	598.8	1.37	H	243.3	0.47	H	355.5	1.10	H
2012-2013	425.9	-1.07	D	165.9	-0.81	D	260.0	-0.43	D
2013-2014	465.0	-0.51	D	199.2	-0.26	N	265.8	-0.34	N
2014-2015	567.8	0.94	H	167.6	-0.78	D	400.2	1.82	H
2015-2016	505.2	0.05	N	295.2	1.33	H	210.0	-1.23	D
2016-2017	477.5	-0.34	N	231.6	0.28	N	245.9	-0.65	D
2017-2018	485.5	-0.23	N	151.6	-1.04	D	333.9	0.75	H

夏闲期 Summer fallow period			生育期 Growth period			生产年度 Summer fallow + Growth period
D	H	N	D	H	N	D	H	N
2009-2010	2011-2012	2010-2011	2010-2011	2011-2012	2009-2010	2009-2010	2011-2012	2015-2016
2012-2013	2014-2015	2013-2014	2012-2013	2015-2016	2013-2014	2010-2011	2014-2015	2016-2017
2015-2016	2017-2018		2014-2015		2016-2017	2012-2013		2017-2018
2016-2017			2017-2018			2013-2014

处理 Treatment	年份 Year
处理 Treatment	2007-2008	2008-2009	2009-2010	2010-2011	2011-2012	2012-2013	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016	2016-2017	2017-2018
NNS	N	N	S	N	N	S	N	N	S	N	N
NS	N	S	N	S	N	S	N	S	N	S	N
N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N

耕作处理 Tillage treatments	种子及肥料 Seed and fertilizers (yuan/kg)				机械作业及药剂 Machine and herbicide (yuan/hm²)
耕作处理 Tillage treatments	种子 Seed	尿素 Urea	磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulphate	耕作 Tillage	播种 Sowing	收获及秸秆 Harvest and straw	除草剂Herbicide
免耕（N）	2.5	2.2	3.2	5	0	600	900	525
深松（S）	2.5	2.2	3.2	5	600	600	900	425

降水年型 Precipitation patterns	处理 Treatments	ET (mm)	WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	Yield (kg·hm^-2)
干旱年 Dry year	NNS	264.7b	12.3a	3238a
	NS	282.3a	11.3ab	3130ab
	N	282.6a	10.5b	2999b
	均值 Mean	276.5b	11.4b	3122c
丰水年 Humid year	NNS	399.8a	14.4a	5621a
	NS	406.2a	13.5b	5206b
	N	385.0b	13.4b	5098b
	均值 Mean	397.0a	13.8a	5308a
平水年 Normal year	NNS	330.2b	12.1a	4079b
	NS	367.4a	11.5b	4282a
	N	358.5a	11.9a	4297a
	均值 Mean	352.0a	11.8b	4219b
平均 Average	NNS	316.5b	12.7a	4048a
	NS	338.2a	11.8b	3975ab
	N	330.7a	11.6b	3898a
	均值 Mean	328.5a	12.0b	3974b