包膜尿素施用时期对夏玉米产量和氮素积累特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】随着缓/控释肥的推广和农业劳动力越来越紧缺，简化施肥技术成为未来的一种施肥趋势。黄淮海地区夏玉米季雨热同期，基施包膜尿素容易使养分前期释放过快后期养分缺失，无法满足玉米后期生长需求。通过研究包膜尿素施用时期来探究适合黄淮海地区夏玉米种植的施肥方式，简化施肥生产同时保证玉米产量，提高肥料利用效率。【方法】供试夏玉米品种选用登海605（DH605）和郑单958（ZD958），5个试验处理为不施氮处理（CK）、一次施尿素处理（JN）、拔节-大喇叭口期分次施尿素处理（SN）、基施包膜尿素处理（BR）和拔节期施包膜尿素处理（JR）。通过大田试验探讨包膜尿素肥料施用时期对夏玉米干物质积累、氮素积累转运特性及产量影响。【结果】施用氮肥可以显著提高玉米产量，ZD958和DH605各施氮处理较CK处理增产18.9%—24.7%和19.4%—28.9%。与JN处理相比，ZD958和DH605 的SN处理平均增产4.15%和5.80%，其中ZD958的穗粒数显著提升。与BR处理相比，ZD958和DH605的SN处理平均增产1.44%和7.80%，JR处理平均增产2.10%和10.13%，其中ZD958的穗粒数显著提高，DH605的千粒重显著增大。两年试验都以JR处理产量最高，但JR与SN处理的产量无显著性差异。ZD958和DH605 JR处理的植株氮素总积累量比BR处理显著提高10.99%和6.78%，花后氮素积累量提高45.99%和43.87%，花后氮素吸收速率提高46.1%和43.5%。与SN处理相比，ZD958和DH605 JR处理的植株氮素总积累量提高5.15%和7.67%，花后氮素积累量提升18.78%和30.49%，花后氮素吸收速率提高18.39%和30.51%。ZD958和DH605 JR处理的氮素积累活跃期（ANAP）较BR处理增加13.74 d和25.87 d，成熟期籽粒含氮量（NAAG）提高12.78%和10.49%，花后氮素同化量（AANAA）提高50.87%和42.57%，氮素转运量（NTA）降低24.82%和25.38%，氮素转运效率（NTE）降低19.16%和12.04%，氮肥偏生产力（PFPN）提高2.07%和10.19%，氮肥农学利用率（AEN）提高11.47%和69.72%，氮肥利用率（REN）提高60.89%和25.91%，土壤氮依存率（SNDR）降低9.90%和6.36%。与SN相比，ZD958 JR处理的ANAP延长了12.77 d，NAAG、AANAA分别提高3.44%和20.17%，NTA和NTE分别降低18.93%和15.76%，PFPN、AEN和REN分别提高0.63%、3.29%和23.07%，SNDR降低4.89%。DH605 JR处理的ANAP延长了22.76 d，NAAG、AANAA分别提高10.26%和28.67%，NTA和NTE分别降低15.56%和7.80%，PFPN、AEN和REN分别提高2.15%、10.31%和29.96%，SNDR降低7.12%。【结论】黄淮海地区包膜尿素由基施改为拔节期施用,可以增加玉米籽粒含氮量、延长植株氮素积累活跃期并保持较高氮素吸收速率；氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥利用率显著提高，土壤氮依存率降低，增强了玉米对缓释肥养分的利用能力；增大了ZD958的穗粒数和DH605的千粒重，增产幅度与拔节期-大喇叭口期分次施氮的效果相当，保证一次施肥满足夏玉米整个生长季对养分需求，利于夏玉米精简化高效生产。

关键词: 夏玉米, 包膜尿素, 施用时期, 产量, 氮素利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】The measures of agricultural production will be simplified which is a trend in the future because of agricultural labor is decreasing. Huang-Huai-Hai Region is high temperature and rainy in summer corn season. Single basal fertilization is easy to release so fast that corn can’t have enough N at late growth stage which can’t meet the demand of maize growth. By studying different fertilizer application times, the optimum summer corn fertilization methods were explored for the simplification of production measures while guaranteeing the yield and improving the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. 【Method】 Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958) were used as test varieties. Five experimental treatments were designed including no nitrogen fertilization (CK), one-dose nitrogen application (JN), split nitrogen topdressing (SN), coated-urea as base fertilizer (BR), coated-urea application time at jointing stage (JR). The effect of fertilizer application time on accumulation of dry matter accumulation, nitrogen transport characteristics and yield by field experiment.【Result】Nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved maize yield. Compared with CK treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of nitrogen treatments were increased by 18.9%-24.7% and 19.4%-28.9%. Compared with the JN treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of SN were increased by 4.15% and 5.80%, and the grain number of ZD958 was significantly increased. Compared with BR treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of SN was increased by 1.44% and 7.80%, and that of JR was increased by 2.10% and 10.13%, respectively. The grain number of ZD958 and 1000- grain weight of DH605 was increased significantly. The yield of JR was the highest in two years, but there was no significant difference between JR and SN. Compared with BR of ZD958 and DH605, the total nitrogen accumulation of JR were increased by 10.99% and 6.78%, the amounts of accumulated nitrogen after flowering were increased by 45.99% and 43.87%, nitrogen absorption rate after flowering were increased by 46.1% and 43.5%. Compared with SN treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the total nitrogen accumulation of JR were increased by 5.15% and 7.67%, and the post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation were increased by 18.78% and 30.49%, and the rate of nitrogen absorption after anthesis were increased by 18.39% and 30.51%. Compared with BR of ZD958 and DH605, the active N accumulation period (ANAP) of JR were increased by 13.74 days and 25.87 days, respectively, and the nitrogen content (NAAG) was increased by 12.78% and 10.49%, and the assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis (AANAA) was increased by 50.87% and 42.57%, and nitrogen translocation amount (NTA) was decreased by 24.82% and 25.38%, the nitrogen transport efficiency (NTE) was decreased by 19.16% and 12.04%, the partial factor productivity from applied N (PFPN) was increased by 2.07% and 10.19%, and the agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen (AEN) was increased by 11.47% and 69.72%. The recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen (REN) was increased by 60.89% and 25.91%, and soil nitrogen dependence rate (SNDR) decreased by 9.90% and 6.36%, respectively. Compared with SN of ZD958, the ANAP of JR was increased by 12.77 d, NAAG and AANAA were increased by 3.44% and 20.17%, NTA and NTE were decreased by 18.93% and 15.76%, PFPN, AEN and REN were increased by 0.63%, 3.29% and 23.07%, while SNDR was decreased by 4.89% respectively. Compared with SN of DH605, the ANAP was increased by 22.76 d, NAAG and AANAA were increased by 10.26% and 28.67%, NTA and NTE were decreased by 15.56% and 7.80%, PFPN, AEN and REN were increased by 2.15%, 10.31% and 29.96%, while SNDR was decreased by 7.12%, respectively.【Conclusion】The coated urea applied at jointing stage instead of basal could increase corn grain nitrogen content, extended the active time of plant nitrogen accumulation. PFPN, AEN, REN were increased significantly, SNDR was reduced, more nitrogen directly affected grain growth, the amount of yield was equal to SN. JR is more convenient to meet maize’s demand of nutrients on the basis of one-dose nitrogen application, which help streamline production of summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, coated-urea, application timing, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

孙旭东，孙浒，董树亭，赵斌，刘鹏，张吉旺. 包膜尿素施用时期对夏玉米产量和氮素积累特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2179-2188.

SUN XuDong, SUN Hu, DONG ShuTing, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang. Effect of Coated-Urea Application Times on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2179-2188.

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