小麦品种改良过程中物质积累转运特性与产量的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.04.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探明小麦品种改良过程中物质积累与转运特性及其与产量形成的关系，为选育高产品种、制定育种目标提供理论依据。【方法】选用32个20世纪不同年代代表性小麦品种于2007—2009年进行大田试验，分析小麦不同生育时期干物质生产与积累转运特性的演进特征及其与产量的关系。【结果】随着品种改良进程，籽粒产量和收获指数逐步提高，而20世纪60年代品种生物产量显著降低随后保持稳定；开花期叶面积、叶面积指数及旗叶光合速率逐步提高，为花后物质积累提供了物质和能量来源。品种改良显著提高了小麦拔节前和开花后物质积累量及群体生长速率，但降低了拔节至开花期积累量和生长速率；提高了花前干物质转运量、转运率及贡献率，但降低了花后干物质贡献率。小麦籽粒产量与拔节前及开花后干物质积累量、生长速率及花前干物质贡献率显著正相关，与拔节开花阶段物质积累量和生长速率及花后干物质贡献率显著负相关。【结论】品种改良提高了小麦物质生产能力和生产效率，协调了不同生育阶段物质积累，平衡了花前和花后干物质对籽粒的贡献。因此，提高拔节前营养生长、增加花后干物质积累和花前物质转运是小麦产量改良的重要物质基础，也是今后小麦高产育种的重要目标。

关键词: 小麦, 品种改良, 籽粒产量, 物质积累与转运

Abstract: 【Objective】To verify the characteristics of dry matter accumulation, translocation and their relationships to grain yield during wheat genetic improvement will facilitate development of new cultivars for stable and high yielding wheat production.【Method】 Thirty two wheat cultivars bred or widely planted in China from 1950 to 2005 were grown in field experiments from 2007 to 2009. Dry matter accumulation and growth rate at different stages, leaf area index (LAI) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were measured, and dry matter translocation and their relationship to grain yield formation were analyzed. 【Result】 Grain yield and harvest index increased linearly with the progress of wheat cultivar evolution, whereas the biomass of the cultivars from 1950 to 1960 reduced and thereafter maintained stable. Leaf area, LAI and flag leaf Pn at anthesis increased linearly with the cultivars evolution, supplying the sources of dry matter and energy for yield formation after anthesis. Genetic improvement increased the dry matter accumulation and growth rate at the growth stages of emergence to jointing and anthesis to maturity whereas reduced the contribution of post-anthesis accumulated dry matter to grains (CPA). Grain yield was significantly and positively associated with the contribution of pre-anthesis translocation to grains (CPT), dry matter accumulation and growth rate from emergence to jointing and anthesis to maturity, whereas significantly and negatively correlated with CPA, dry matter accumulation and growth rate from jointing to anthesis.【Conclusion】Dry matter production capacity and production efficiency were improved during wheat cultivar evolution, yet dry matter accumulation at different growth stages were coordinated and the contribution of pre-anthesis and post-anthesis accumulation to grains became more balance. Improving the pre-jointing vegetative growth post-anthesis accumulation and CPT are important physiological basis for wheat grain yield enhancement, which will be a key improvement target for high yield wheat breeding in the future.

Key words: wheat, genetic improvement, grain yield, dry matter accumulation and translocation

田中伟, 王方瑞, 戴廷波, 蔡剑, 姜东, 曹卫星. 小麦品种改良过程中物质积累转运特性与产量的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(4): 801-808.

TIAN Zhong-Wei, WANG Fang-Rui, DAI Ting-Bo, CAI Jian, JIANG Dong, CAO Wei-Xing. Characteristics of Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation During the Wheat Genetic Improvement and Their Relationship to Grain Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(4): 801-808.

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