宁夏引黄灌区减氮增钾施肥模式对玉米光合荧光特性及光合产物积累的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.09.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨减氮增钾施肥模式对玉米光合荧光特性及干物质积累的影响，旨在阐明其内在生理机制，为玉米氮钾精准施肥管理与绿色高产栽培提供理论支撑。【方法】以玉米品种先玉1321为试验材料，于2023—2024年在宁夏平吉堡农场开展田间试验。试验采用裂区设计，主区设置2个施氮量，分别为常规施氮（N0，450 kg·hm^-2）、减氮30%（N1，315 kg·hm^-2）；副区为4个施钾量，分别为常规施钾（K0，45 kg·hm^-2）、增钾50%（K1，68 kg·hm^-2）、增钾100%（K2，90 kg·hm^-2）、增钾150%（K3，113 kg·hm^-2），测定玉米光合荧光参数、干物质积累与转运及产量构成因素，综合分析减氮增钾的协同效应。【结果】玉米光合荧光参数均随生育期推进呈先增后减的变化趋势，N1K2处理综合表现最优。两年试验抽雄期数据表明，N1K2处理净光合速率（P_n）较N1K0、N1K1和N1K3处理分别提高17.53%、6.74%和8.16%；蒸腾速率（T_r）较N1K0、N1K3显著分别提高11.57%、10.89%，与N1K1差异不显著，说明适宜施钾可有效提升叶片蒸腾效率；光系统II最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）较N1K0、N1K1和N1K3处理提高4.93%—12.71%；荧光综合性能指数（PI）较N1K0、N1K1和N1K3提高2.53%—7.81%。干物质积累与转运分析表明，N1K2处理能显著促进花前干物质向籽粒的转运，其花前干物质积累量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率较N0K0处理平均分别提高61.90%、21.14%和27.73%。产量分析显示，玉米产量随氮肥的减量和钾肥的增加呈先升后降的变化趋势，均在N1K2处理下获得最高产，2年分别达18 586.39和19 279.56 kg·hm^-2。相关性与主成分分析进一步验证，减氮增钾模式下玉米光合荧光参数与产量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】减氮30%并增钾100%是宁夏引黄灌区玉米生产的最优施肥模式，该模式显著提升了叶片光合性能与光化学效率，促进了花后光合产物向籽粒的高效转运，提高了干物质积累量，实现了光合效率与养分利用效率的协同优化，可为当地玉米绿色生产提供可靠的施肥依据。

关键词: 减氮增钾, 光合荧光特性, 光合产物积累, 产量, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】Focusing on the effects of nitrogen reduction and potassium increase fertilization mode on photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics and dry matter accumulation of maize, this paper aimed to elucidate its internal physiological mechanism and provide the theoretical support for the precise fertilization management and green high-yield cultivation of maize nitrogen and potassium.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Pingjibao Farm, Ningxia from 2023 to 2024, using maize variety Xianyu 1321 as experimental material. The experiment adopted the crack zone design, and the main area was set to different nitrogen application rates, with a total of two levels, namely conventional nitrogen application of 450 kg·hm^-2 (N0) and nitrogen reduction of 30% (N1, 315 kg·hm^-2). The secondary area was 4 gradients with different potassium application rates, namely conventional potassium application of 45 kg·hm^-2 (K0), potassium increase of 50% (K1, 68 kg·hm^-2), potassium increase of 100% (K2, 90 kg·hm^-2), and potassium increase of 150% (K3, 113 kg·hm^-2). The photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation and transport and yield components of maize were systematically measured, and the synergistic effects of nitrogen reduction and potassium increase were comprehensively analyzed.【Result】Photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of maize showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with growth period, and N1K2 treatment performed the best. Data from a two-year experiment at tasseling stage showed that net photosynthetic rate (P_n) under N1K2 treatment was increased by 17.53%, 6.74% and 8.16% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments, respectively. Transpiration rate (T_r) was significantly increased by 11.57% and 10.89% compared with N1K0 and N1K3 treatments, with no significant difference from N1K1, indicating that appropriate potassium application could effectively improve leaf transpiration efficiency. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) was increased by 4.93%-12.71% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments. Performance index on absorption basis (PI) was increased by 2.53%-7.81% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments. Dry matter accumulation and transport analysis revealed that the N1K2 treatment significantly enhanced pre-harvest dry matter transport to grains, with pre-harvest dry matter accumulation, transport rate, and grain contribution rate increasing by 61.90%, 21.14%, and 27.73% compared with N0K0 treatment, respectively. Yield analysis showed that with production followed a pattern of initial increase followed by decline with nitrogen reduction and potassium increase, achieving peak yields of 18 586.39 and 19 279.5 kg·hm^-2 over two years under the N1K2 treatment. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis further confirmed the significant positive correlation between photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and yield under the nitrogen-reduction and potassium-increase pattern.【Conclusion】Reducing nitrogen by 30% and increasing potassium by 100% was the optimal fertilization mode for maize production in the Yellow River diversion irrigation area of Ningxia. N1K2 treatment significantly improved leaf photosynthetic performance and photochemical efficiency, promoted the efficient transport of post-flowering photosynthetic products to grains, increased dry matter accumulation, significantly improved nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate for ensuring high yield of maize, realized the synergistic optimization of photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient use efficiency, and provided a reliable fertilization basis for local maize green production.

Key words: nitrogen reduction and potassium increase, photosynthetic fluorescence properties, accumulation of photosynthetic products, yield, maize

蔡巧红, 周甜, 苏明, 洪自强, 李翻过, 李彤, 汪华, 康建宏, 吴宏亮. 宁夏引黄灌区减氮增钾施肥模式对玉米光合荧光特性及光合产物积累的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(9): 1869-1886.

CAI QiaoHong, ZHOU Tian, SU Ming, HONG ZiQiang, LI FanGuo, LI Tong, WANG Hua, KANG JianHong, WU HongLiang. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction and Potassium Enhancement Fertilization Mode on Photosynthetic Fluorescence Characteristics and Photosynthetic Product Accumulation of Maize in Ningxia Yellow Irrigation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(9): 1869-1886.

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年份 Year	pH	全氮 Total N (g·kg ^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg ^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg ^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matte (g·kg ^-1)
2023	7.72	0.62	0.64	81.36	41.14	12.18
2024	7.81	0.54	0.55	80.09	45.06	11.83

生育时期 Growth period	氮肥处理 Nitrogen fertilizer treatment (kg·hm^-2)		钾肥处理 Potassium fertilizer treatment (kg·hm^-2)				磷肥 P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)
总施肥量 Total fertilizer application rate	450 (N0)	315 (N1)	45 (K1)	68 (K2)	90 (K3)	113 (K3)	138
苗期 V3	45.0	31.5	13.6	18.0	9.0	22.6	27.6
拔节期 V6	135.0	94.5	18.0	27.2	36.0	45.2	55.2
大喇叭口期 V12	135.0	94.5	13.5	20.4	27.0	33.9	41.4
抽雄期 VT	45.0	31.5	4.5	6.8	9.0	11.3	13.8
灌浆期 R3	90.0	63.0	0	0	0	0	0

年份 Year	施氮处理 Nitrogen application treatment	施钾处理 Potassium application treatment	花前 Preanthesis			花后 Postanthesis
年份 Year	施氮处理 Nitrogen application treatment	施钾处理 Potassium application treatment	积累量 DMR (kg·hm^-2)	转运率 DMRE (%)	贡献率 DMRCG (%)	积累量 DMA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 DMAC (%)
2023	N0	K0	2269.50a	18.01a	12.71ab	15005.10c	87.73ab
		K1	2481.90a	21.08a	12.29ab	16978.80b	87.71ab
		K2	2505.60a	18.31a	14.68a	19082.10a	89.42a
		K3	2305.80a	19.87a	10.58a	14093.70d	85.53b
	N1	K0	2395.80b	20.53ab	10.99b	18992.10c	89.02a
		K1	2430.30b	18.88b	10.50b	18669.60c	85.56b
		K2	3318.90a	22.58a	14.74a	22617.60a	90.67a
		K3	2370.00b	19.68ab	9.33b	20388.30b	89.50a
2024	N0	K0	3681.00b	25.98b	16.46b	14214.00b	74.72c
		K1	3805.20b	25.35b	16.79b	17490.45a	78.83b
		K2	5005.80a	33.44a	21.17a	17876.10a	83.54a
		K3	3488.40b	32.10b	15.65b	17832.45a	84.35a
	N1	K0	3096.00c	23.67c	14.17c	17790.00c	85.83a
		K1	5877.60a	30.44ab	23.33a	18175.35bc	75.90c
		K2	6314.85a	30.71a	22.52a	20404.95a	77.48c
		K3	4757.70b	27.73b	19.36b	18574.95b	81.05b
ANOVA	年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	**	**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (N)		**	**	**	**	NS
	施钾量Potassium application (K)		**	**	**	**	**
	N×K		**	*	**	**	NS
	Y×N		**	NS	**	**	NS
	Y×K		**	**	**	**	**
	Y×N×K		**	NS	*	**	*

年份 Year	施氮处理 Nitrogen application treatment	施钾处理 Potassium application treatment	穗数 Ear number (ear/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	百粒重 100-kernel Weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2023	N0	K0	83031.12c	484.88a	35.73b	15650.37b
		K1	84562.48b	501.68a	36.82ab	16210.02b
		K2	87624.64a	510.70a	37.84a	17597.08a
		K3	82447.48c	483.53a	35.29b	15888.59b
	N1	K0	86746.42b	507.41c	36.42c	15261.12b
		K1	88133.91b	536.22a	38.76b	18203.54a
		K2	90941.46a	540.98a	40.27a	18586.39a
		K3	88018.23b	519.26b	38.53b	18161.88a
2024	N0	K0	85702.73c	666.79a	28.21b	16352.58b
		K1	87311.51b	688.01a	29.07a	16488.74b
		K2	90497.75a	701.38a	29.15a	17305.46a
		K3	87151.67b	672.43a	28.06a	16785.16b
	N1	K0	83630.90d	652.80c	27.90c	14895.10b
		K1	88008.11c	715.66ab	32.02a	18392.79a
		K2	92543.93a	731.15a	30.12b	19279.56a
		K3	90261.99b	703.31b	29.16b	18384.68a
ANOVA	年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (N)		**	**	**	**
	施钾量Potassium application (K)		**	**	**	**
	N×K		**	*	**	**
	Y×N		**	NS	*	NS
	Y×K		**	NS	*	NS
	Y×N×K		*	NS	*	NS