黑色与透明地膜在旱地玉米生产中的效应差异：基于土壤氮循环到植株根-冠生理的视角

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.17.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (17): 3743-3762.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.17.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

黑色与透明地膜在旱地玉米生产中的效应差异：基于土壤氮循环到植株根-冠生理的视角

张世博¹(), 李宏岩¹, 李秋琳¹, 殷文², 惠晓丽³, 康建宏¹(), 吴宏亮¹()

¹ 宁夏大学农学院，银川 750021
² 甘肃农业大学农学院，兰州 730070
³ 安徽省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所（国家土壤质量太和观测实验站）/安徽省养分循环与耕地保育重点实验室，合肥 230031

收稿日期:2026-01-20 接受日期:2026-05-19 出版日期:2026-09-03 发布日期:2026-09-03
通信作者:
吴宏亮，E-mail：nxuwu@163.com。
康建宏，E-mail：kangjianhong@163.com
联系方式: 张世博，E-mail：z2335570357@163.com。
基金资助:
宁夏自然科学基金(2025AAC030191); 宁夏粮食作物种质创制与生长调控科技创新团队(2022BSB03109)

The Difference in the Effects of Black and Transparent Mulching Films in Dryland Maize Production: From the Perspective of Soil Nitrogen Cycling to Plant Root-Shoot Physiology

ZHANG ShiBo¹(), LI HongYan¹, LI QiuLin¹, YIN Wen², HUI XiaoLi³, KANG JianHong¹(), WU HongLiang¹()

¹ School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
² College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070
³ Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences (National Taihe Observation and Experimental Station of Soil Quality)/Anhui Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Cultivated Land Conservation, Hefei 230031

Received:2026-01-20 Accepted:2026-05-19 Published:2026-09-03 Online:2026-09-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球气候变暖背景下，旱地农业生产面临高温与干旱的双重胁迫。透明地膜虽具增温保墒作用，但其过度增温效应易加剧旱地玉米根区热胁迫，引发根系早衰、光合功能抑制与产量波动，尤其会导致暖干型生态区的玉米减产5%—10%。黑色地膜因其独特的光学性质，能够在保持土壤水分的同时适度调节根区温度，逐渐成为替代透明地膜的关键技术路径。本文基于土壤氮循环到植株根-冠生理的视角，系统阐述了黑色与透明地膜在旱地玉米生产中的效应差异。从土壤界面来看，透明地膜导致土壤温度显著升高，加速氮素矿化与硝化，虽短期提升了速效氮供应，但长期加剧有机氮库消耗、增加氮素淋溶与气态氮损失风险；黑色地膜则通过适度调温，维持较稳定的微生物活性与氮素转化过程，协调氮素“供-需-失”关系，促进氮肥高效利用。从植株响应来看，透明地膜引发的根区高温胁迫抑制根系活力与氮素吸收，导致叶片早衰与光合碳分配失衡；黑色地膜则缓解根区热胁迫，延长叶片持绿期与籽粒灌浆时间，优化“源-库”关系。基于上述机制，黑色地膜在年均温高于9 ℃、生长季降水量达400 mm的区域增产稳产优势明显，平均可使玉米产量提升7%—17%。未来旱地玉米生产应依托积温-降水耦合模型明确2种地膜的生态适用阈值，聚焦根际微生态对增温的响应机制，集成膜下滴灌与缓释肥技术，构建水肥协同的气候智慧型覆盖模式。通过多技术融合与机理创新，黑色地膜覆盖技术有望为全球变暖背景下旱地农业的可持续发展提供系统性解决方案。

关键词: 旱地玉米, 黑膜替代, 土壤温度, 氮循环, 根-冠生理

Abstract:

In the context of global warming, dryland agricultural production faces dual stresses of high temperature and drought. While transparent plastic film mulch has effects of warming soil and conserving moisture, its excessive warming tendency can exacerbate thermal stress in the root zone of rainfed maize, leading to root senescence, inhibition of photosynthesis, and yield fluctuations, especially in warm-dry ecological regions where maize yield reductions of 5%-10% may occur. Due to its unique optical properties, black plastic film can maintain soil moisture while moderately regulating root-zone temperature, making it a key technical pathway for replacing transparent film. This paper systematically elaborates on the differences in the effects of black and transparent plastic film on dryland maize production from the perspective of soil nitrogen cycling to plant root-shoot physiology. From a soil-process perspective, transparent film significantly increases soil temperature, accelerating nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. Although this enhances the supply of available nitrogen in the short term, it worsens organic nitrogen pool depletion in the long run and raises the risks of nitrogen leaching and gaseous nitrogen loss. In contrast, black film moderates soil temperature, maintains relatively stable microbial activity and nitrogen transformation processes, coordinates the “supply-demand-loss” relationship of nitrogen, and promotes efficient nitrogen-fertilizer use. From a plant-response perspective, the high-temperature stress induced by transparent film inhibits root activity and nitrogen uptake, resulting in premature leaf senescence and disrupted allocation of photosynthetic carbon. Black film alleviates heat stress on the root zone, extends leaf greenness duration and grain-filling period, and optimizes source-sink relationships. Based on the above mechanisms, black film has a significant advantage in increasing and stabilizing yield in areas with an annual average temperature above 9 ℃ and a precipitation of 400 mm during the growing season. On average, it can increase maize yield by 7% to 17%. Future rainfed maize production should rely on accumulated-temperature- precipitation coupling models to define ecological application thresholds for the two film types, focus on rhizosphere microbial- ecological responses to warming, integrate drip irrigation under mulch with controlled-release fertilizer technology, and establish a climate-smart mulching model that coordinates water and fertilizer management. Through the integration of multiple technologies and mechanistic innovation, black film mulching technology is expected to provide a systematic solution for the sustainable development of dryland agriculture under global warming.

Key words: dryland maize, black film substitution, soil temperature, nitrogen cycling, root-shoot physiology

张世博, 李宏岩, 李秋琳, 殷文, 惠晓丽, 康建宏, 吴宏亮. 黑色与透明地膜在旱地玉米生产中的效应差异：基于土壤氮循环到植株根-冠生理的视角[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(17): 3743-3762.

ZHANG ShiBo, LI HongYan, LI QiuLin, YIN Wen, HUI XiaoLi, KANG JianHong, WU HongLiang. The Difference in the Effects of Black and Transparent Mulching Films in Dryland Maize Production: From the Perspective of Soil Nitrogen Cycling to Plant Root-Shoot Physiology[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(17): 3743-3762.

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生态类型 Ecosystem type	气候特征 Climatic characteristics	地膜选择建议 Suggestions for choosing plastic film	选择依据 Selection basis
暖干型生态区 Warm dry ecological zone	年均温>9 ℃ Annual average temperature>9 ℃ 生长季降水<400 mm Precipitation during the growing season is less than 400 mm	优先推荐黑色地膜 Priority recommendation for black plastic film	缓解高温胁迫，延长灌浆期，增产7%—17%^[46]；控草、抑蒸效益显著；平抑根区极端高温^[21-25] Relieve high temperature stress, extend grain filling period, and increase yield by 7%—17%^[46]; The benefits of grass control and steam suppression are significant; Stabilize extreme high temperatures in the root zone^[21-25]
冷凉型生态区 Cool ecological zone	年均温<9 ℃ Annual average temperature<9 ℃	透明地膜为主黑膜需配套措施 Mainly transparent plastic film Black film requires supporting measures	透明地膜增温优势不可替代，促进早春出苗^[155,157]；黑膜可能延迟出苗^[155,157] The advantage of transparent plastic film in warming is irreplaceable, promoting early spring seedling emergence^[155,157]; Black film may delay seedling emergence ^[155,157]
高湿型生态区 High humidity ecological zone	生长季降水>600 mm Precipitation during the growing season is greater than 600 mm	黑色地膜优先 Black film priority	控草效果显著；增温温和，避免热胁迫^[29,157]；防止土壤过湿、根系缺氧 The grass control effect is significant; Mild warming to avoid heat stress ^[29,157]; Prevent soil moisture and root hypoxia

黑色与透明地膜在旱地玉米生产中的效应差异：基于土壤氮循环到植株根-冠生理的视角

The Difference in the Effects of Black and Transparent Mulching Films in Dryland Maize Production: From the Perspective of Soil Nitrogen Cycling to Plant Root-Shoot Physiology

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