不同增碳方式对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质和水分利用效率对不同增碳方式的响应，为该地区玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】于2022—2023年在甘肃省定西市开展玉米田间试验，共设1个不增碳和4个相等碳量的不同增碳处理：对照组CK，不增碳处理；S1，生物炭还田处理（0.5×10⁴ kg·hm^-2）；S2，秸秆粉碎全量还田处理（1.2×10⁴ kg·hm^-2）；S3，有机粪肥还田处理（2.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2）；S4，50%秸秆粉碎还田（0.6×10⁴ kg·hm^-2）结合50%有机肥还田（1.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2）处理，研究增碳方式对黄土高原旱地玉米土壤水分、干物质积累与转运、产量、水分利用效率及品质的影响。【结果】增碳处理降低了0—30 cm土层土壤容重、提高了土壤孔隙度，其中S1处理较CK处理显著提高了0—300 cm土层土壤含水量。相较于CK处理，S2、S3和S4处理显著增加了玉米开花期叶面积指数，而S1处理显著降低了叶绿素含量和叶面积指数；S2、S3和S4处理玉米成熟期地上部干物质积累量和最大干物质积累速率显著提高了10.83%—21.05%和8.47%—17.13%，玉米花后干物质积累量和花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率显著增加了28.58%—54.02%和11.18%—19.43%，玉米产量显著提高了17.22%—29.66%，其中S3处理增产效果最好；S1处理的最大干物质积累速率和成熟期干物质积累量分别显著降低了5.31%和10.32%，籽粒产量显著降低了7.05%；S3处理的籽粒产量水分利用效率显著提高了23.71%，而S1、S2和S4处理的籽粒产量水分利用效率较CK差异不显著；S2处理显著降低了籽粒蛋白含量，S2、S3和S4处理均显著降低了籽粒纤维素含量，但S1处理显著提高了籽粒的纤维素含量。【结论】在0.5×10⁴ kg C·hm^-2的碳施用量下，有机粪肥施用较秸秆还田和生物炭还田对玉米产量和水分利用效率的提升效果更好。

关键词: 玉米, 增碳方式, 干物质积累, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the response of maize grain yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) in the dryland of the Loess Plateau to different ways of carbon returning, and to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of maize in this region.【Method】A maize field experiment was carried out in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, from 2022 to 2023, with one no-carbon returning and four different carbon-increasing treatments of equal carbon amounts: CK, control treatment without carbon returning; S1, biochar returning treatment (0.5×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S2, straw returning treatment (1.2×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S3, organic returning treatment (2.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S4: 50% straw returning (0.6×10⁴ kg·hm^-2) combined with 50% organic returning treatment (1.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2) to study the effects of carbon returning methods on soil moisture, dry matter accumulation and translocation, yield, water use efficiency and grain quality of maize in dryland of Loess Plateau.【Result】Carbon returning treatments reduced soil bulk weight and increased soil porosity in the 0-30 cm soil layer, where S1 treatment significantly increased soil water content in the 0-300 cm soil layer compared with CK treatment. Compared with the CK treatment, S1 treatment significantly decreased the SPAD value and leaf area index (LAI) at flowering stage, whereas S2, S3 and S4 treatments significantly increased the LAI of maize. The aboveground dry matter accumulation at harvest and the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation under S2, S3 and S4 treatment were significantly increased by 10.83%-21.05% and 8.47%-17.13%, respectively, while the dry matter accumulation of maize after anthesis and the contribution of post-flowering dry matter to grain yield significantly increased by 28.58%-54.02% and 11.18%-19.43%, respectively. And then, maize yields significantly increased by 17.22%-29.66%, with S3 demonstrating the most pronounced yield improvement. Conversely, compared with CK, S1 treatment significantly reduced the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation and dry matter accumulation at harvest by 5.31% and 10.32%, respectively, and then decreased grain yield by 7.05%. The S3 treatment significantly increased water use efficiency for grain yield by 23.71% relative to CK, while S1, S2, and S4 showed no significant differences in water use efficiency when compared with CK. Furthermore, compared with CK, S2 treatment significantly reduced grain protein content, while S2, S3, and S4 significantly decreased grain cellulose content. In contrast, S1 treatment significantly increased grain cellulose content compared with CK treatment. 【Conclusion】Under carbon applications of 0.5×10⁴ kg C·hm^-2, organic manure application was more effective in improving maize yield and water use efficiency than straw return and biochar return.

Key words: maize, carbon returning methods, dry matter accumulation, yield, water use efficiency

武凌彬, 王林林, 王江文, 王子超, 司佳昂, 李世清. 不同增碳方式对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(14): 2751-2765.

WU LingBin, WANG LinLin, WANG JiangWen, WANG ZiChao, SI JiaAng, LI ShiQing. Effects of Different Carbon Returning Methods on Grain Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Maize in Dryland of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2751-2765.

图/表 10

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表4

不同增碳方式对玉米产量性状，产量及水分利用效率的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耗水量 ETc (mm)	生物产量 Biomass yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grain per spikes	穗粒重 Grain weight per spike (g)	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	生物量水分利用效率 WUEb (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	籽粒产量水分利用效率 WUEg (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2022	CK	358±30ab	14557±417c	531.13±73.19b	102.67±8.22b	23.94±2.26ab	4414±178c	30.35±1.87c	40.79±2.84a	12.37±1.00a
	S1	300±76b	14458±97c	477.83±65.23b	91.81±5.43b	22.15±2.15b	4469±93c	30.91±0.84c	50.98±15.06a	15.64±4.50a
	S2	376±57ab	15160±880bc	540.60±46.64b	138.64±9.28a	25.84±1.96ab	5173±217ab	34.15±0.87a	40.74±4.33a	13.92±1.67a
	S3	385±46ab	16367±189a	699.25±17.01a	153.42±11.56a	26.91±1.78a	5481±215a	33.49±1.50ab	42.97±5.56a	14.43±2.41a
	S4	421±58a	15599±158ab	647.69±55.11a	143.95±8.47a	26.73±1.68a	4896±171b	31.39±1.07bc	37.55±5.46a	11.82±2.64a
2023	CK	316±31ab	12106±560c	424.42±62.06bc	97.40±9.69b	22.36±1.70a	3285±118d	27.14±0.50c	38.62±5.08b	10.47±1.20b
	S1	258.58±12b	11501±546c	359.94±81.20c	84.85±8.19b	21.28±1.23a	2688±188e	23.43±2.46b	44.57±3.67ab	10.41±0.92b
	S2	296±51ab	13638±552b	462.63±29.78bc	129.70±11.79a	23.98±2.36a	3851±191c	28.24±0.96ab	47.12±9.51ab	13.63±2.21a
	S3	327±27a	15057±261a	586.23±13.20a	143.63±8.60a	24.75±2.29a	4501±25a	29.90±0.68a	46.27±4.75ab	13.81±1.13a
	S4	268±29ab	14327±508ab	517.40±62.43ab	132.40±10.42a	24.70±1.53a	4163±170b	29.10±1.15ab	53.88±7.61a	15.60±1.61a
两年平均 Average for two years	CK	337±30ab	13331±73d	477.78±84.26bc	100.03±8.95b	23.15±1.98ab	3849±141c	28.87±0.97bc	39.71±3.68a	11.49±1.09b
	S1	279±32b	12979±307d	418.88±92.33c	88.33±6.81b	21.72±1.68b	3578±138d	27.59±1.56c	47.78±5.89a	12.99±2.07ab
	S2	336±54ab	14399±369c	501.62±55.22b	134.17±10.54a	24.91±2.16ab	4512±180b	31.33±0.49a	43.93±6.88a	13.78±1.93ab
	S3	356±19a	15712±116a	642.74±63.38a	148.52±10.08a	25.83±2.03a	4991±118a	31.77±0.98a	44.62±2.04a	14.20±1.07a
	S4	345±44ab	14963±1071b	582.54±88.69a	138.17±9.44a	25.72±1.60a	4529±134b	30.27±0.33ab	45.72±6.53a	13.64±1.86ab
增碳方式 Carbon returning method (C)		ns	**	**	**	**	**	**	ns	ns
年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	*	*	**	**	ns	ns
增碳方式×年份 Carbon returning method×Year (C×Y)		ns	*	ns	ns	*	**	*	ns	*

表4

表5

图5

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处理 Treatment	土壤容重 Soil bulk (g·cm^-3)			土壤孔隙度 Soil density (%)
处理 Treatment	0—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—30 cm	0—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—30 cm
CK	1.26±0.02a	1.31±0.01a	1.37±0.03a	53.20±0.53c	51.33±0.34c	49.21±1.06c
S1	1.23±0.02ab	1.29±0.01ab	1.35±0.01ab	54.17±0.79bc	51.95±0.30bc	49.82±0.27c
S2	1.20±0.01b	1.27±0.01bc	1.28±0.02c	55.32±0.21b	52.83±0.34ab	52.48±0.63a
S3	1.21±0.03b	1.26±0.03bc	1.29±0.05bc	54.86±1.06b	53.26±1.13a	52.03±1.59ab
S4	1.14±0.03c	1.25±0.02c	1.34±0.04abc	57.59±1.13a	53.70±0.65a	50.06±1.51bc
增碳方式 Carbon returning method	**	**	*	**	**	*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at post-anthesis (kg·hm^-2)	花后干物质积累对产量的贡献率 Contribution of dry matter accumulation at post-anthesis to yield (%)	花前干物质转运量 <BOLD>P</BOLD>re-anthesis dry matter remobilization (kg·hm^-2)	花前干物质转运效率 <BOLD>P</BOLD>re-anthesis dry matter remobilization efficiency (%)
2022	CK	2834.66±176.88d	64.22±4.93a	1579.42±140.33bc	13.77±1.33b
	S1	2103.05±163.81c	47.06±2.59b	2365.84±174.48a	22.68±1.59a
	S2	3366.13±225.67b	65.07±5.54a	1807.20±121.28b	14.79±1.11b
	S3	4048.32±324.76a	73.86±4.71a	1432.42±135.64bc	11.21±0.91c
	S4	3240.61±312.98bc	66.18±6.39a	1655.69±137.46c	13.28±1.16bc
2023	CK	1969.51±153.98c	59.96±5.26b	1315.21±106.40a	12.96±0.69a
	S1	1867.43±151.75c	69.49±5.32ab	820.08±65.37d	8.83±0.75bc
	S2	2811.26±166.29b	72.99±7.07a	1040.13±72.31bc	9.56±0.76bc
	S3	3351.09±257.87a	74.45±5.58a	1150.30±77.46b	9.75±0.84b
	S4	3254.26±303.20a	78.18±4.47a	908.24±54.42cd	8.15±0.78c
两年平均 Average for two years	CK	2402.08±165.43c	62.09±5.09b	1447.32±123.37ab	13.37±1.01b
	S1	1985.24±157.78d	58.27±3.95b	1592.95±119.92a	15.76±1.17a
	S2	3088.70±159.98b	69.03±6.30a	1423.66±96.80ab	12.17±0.93bc
	S3	3699.70±291.31a	74.16±5.14a	1291.36±106.55b	10.48±0.87c
	S4	3247.43±308.09b	72.18±5.43a	1281.96±95.94b	10.72±0.97c
增碳方式 Carbon returning method (C)		**	**	**	**
年份 Year (Y)		**	**	**	**
增碳方式×年份 Carbon returning method×Year (C×Y)		*	**	**	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蛋白 Protein (%)	脂肪 Fat (%)	淀粉 Starch (%)	纤维 Cellulose (%)
2022	CK	9.74±0.86ab	2.34±0.16a	56.10±5.38a	2.17±0.19a
	S1	10.11±0.99ab	2.54±0.21a	60.16±4.17a	1.60±0.14b
	S2	8.58±0.50b	2.53±0.25a	61.54±4.80a	1.25±0.09c
	S3	10.29±0.97a	2.38±0.14a	62.81±5.66a	1.25±0.09c
	S4	9.68±0.88ab	2.28±0.15a	61.17±3.54a	1.31±0.09c
2023	CK	10.18±0.43a	2.39±0.22a	60.57±0.45c	1.26±0.22c
	S1	9.81±0.07a	2.56±0.03a	56.48±0.07b	2.18±0.08a
	S2	8.64±0.49b	2.54±0.33a	63.24±2.50a	1.61±0.12b
	S3	10.36±0.32a	2.35±0.09a	61.97±0.77ab	1.26±0.08c
	S4	9.75±0.17a	2.29±0.10a	61.59±0.83ab	1.32±0.11c
两年平均 Average for two years	CK	9.96±0.66a	2.37±0.17ab	58.34±4.20a	1.72±0.53b
	S1	9.96±0.65a	2.55±0.13a	58.32±3.31a	1.89±0.34a
	S2	8.61±0.44b	2.53±0.26a	62.39±3.54a	1.43±0.22c
	S3	10.33±0.65a	2.37±0.11ab	62.39±3.60a	1.26±0.08d
	S4	9.72±0.57a	2.29±0.17a	61.38±2.31a	1.32±0.09cd
增碳方式Carbon returning method (C)		**	ns	ns	**
年份Year (Y)		ns	ns	ns	ns
增碳方式×年份 Carbon returning method×Year (C×Y)		ns	ns	ns	**