增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (14): 2766-2781.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率

李晓红¹^,²(), 王克如², 张国强²^,^*(), 明博², 薛军², 方梁², 张婷婷², 叶建全³, 李少昆²^,^*()

¹ 宁夏大学农学院，银川 750021
² 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室，北京 100081
³ 通辽市农牧科学院，内蒙古通辽 028000

收稿日期:2025-01-23 接受日期:2025-07-02 出版日期:2025-07-17 发布日期:2025-07-17
通信作者:
张国强，E-mail：zhangguoqiang@caas.cn。
李少昆，E-mail：lishaokun@caas.cn。
联系方式: 李晓红，E-mail：lixiaohong3084@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2301802); 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD150090303); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(S2024QH27); 通辽市科技计划(TL2023YF006); 通辽市科技计划(TL2024TW001-2); 2024年内蒙古自治区人才开发基金高层次人才个人项目

Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain

LI XiaoHong¹^,²(), WANG KeRu², ZHANG GuoQiang²^,^*(), MING Bo², XUE Jun², FANG Liang², ZHANG TingTing², YE JianQuan³, LI ShaoKun²^,^*()

¹ College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
² Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
³ Tongliao Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia

Received:2025-01-23 Accepted:2025-07-02 Published:2025-07-17 Online:2025-07-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】合理增密与株行距配置是实现玉米高产高效的重要途径。在西辽河平原滴灌条件下，探究增密种植、株行距配置对沙地玉米产量及水肥利用效率的影响，以期为沙地滴灌玉米高产高效栽培提供技术依据。【方法】于2023和2024年在内蒙古奈曼旗开展田间试验，采用‘郑单958’为试验品种，设置2个种植密度：6.0万株/hm²（D1）和9.0万株/hm²（D2），及7个不同种植行距处理：60 cm+60 cm（L₆₀₊₆₀，CK）、40 cm+80 cm（L₄₀₊₈₀）、30 cm+90 cm（L₃₀₊₉₀）、30 cm+80 cm（L₃₀₊₈₀）、40 cm+70 cm（L₄₀₊₇₀）、30 cm+70 cm（L₃₀₊₇₀）和20 cm+70 cm（L₂₀₊₇₀），系统分析种植密度和株行距配置对沙地滴灌玉米产量、群体干物质生产、光合性能以及水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】种植密度和株行距显著影响沙地滴灌玉米的籽粒产量和水氮利用效率。2年试验中，L₃₀₊₇₀和L₃₀₊₈₀在D2密度下获得了较高产量，分别为15.6和15.5 t·hm^-2，水分利用效率（WUE）分别达到2.57和2.55 kg·m^-3，氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达到57.8和57.2 kg·kg^-1。其中，2023年L₃₀₊₈₀和L₃₀₊₉₀的产量差异未达到显著水平，产量较L₆₀₊₆₀提高了18.2%和17.0%。吐丝期干物质积累量（DMAS）、成熟期干物质积累量（DMAM）、花后干物质积累量（DMAAS）及收获指数（HI）较L₆₀₊₆₀分别提高了49.5%、75.0%、97.6%、18.3%和45.1%、73.3%、96.8%、19.3%；生育期总光合势较L₆₀₊₆₀增加了33.6%和30.1%；底层和穗位层的透光率（Tr）较L₆₀₊₆₀降低了51.7%、27.5%和37.9%、20.9%；吐丝期（R1）和成熟期（R6）穗位叶光合速率（Pn）较L₆₀₊₆₀分别增加了61.0%、60.3%和61.5%、59.4%；WUE和PFP_N较L₆₀₊₆₀分别提高了19.7%、17.8%和21.1%、16.8%。2024年，L₃₀₊₇₀和L₃₀₊₈₀之间产量无显著性差异，较L₆₀₊₆₀提高了14.3%和13.8%；DMAS、DMAM、DMAAS及HI分别提高了56.6%、87.0%、118.4%、28.9%和52.1%、81.0%、114.6%、29.0%；生育期总光合势显著增加了65.9%和63.0%；底层和穗位层的Tr降低了53.8%、24.9%和52.1%、22.8%；R1和R6穗位叶Pn分别增加了18.7%、86.6%和65.6%、86.2%；WUE和PFP_N分别提高了18.7%、13.6%和18.9%、14.1%。相关分析表明，玉米产量与千粒重、穗粒数、收获穗数、HI、WUE和PFP_N呈显著正相关关系，DMAS、DMAAS与穗粒数、千粒重、花前LAD、花后LAD和Pn呈显著正相关关系，与Tr呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】在西辽河平原沙地滴灌水肥一体化条件下，种植密度和株行距互作主要通过影响玉米群体透光率、叶片光合能力、干物质积累和LAD进而影响玉米籽粒产量和水氮利用效率，因此，采用耐密型高产品种合理增密至9.0万株/hm²，宽窄行30 cm+70/80 cm株行距配置可获得较高的产量和水氮生产效率。

关键词: 沙地, 滴灌玉米, 株行距配置, 产量, 水氮利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】Reasonable increase of planting density and row spacing configuration is an important way to achieve high yield and high efficiency of maize. In order to provide the technical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of drip irrigation maize in sandy land, the effects of dense planting and row spacing configuration on maize yield and water and fertilizer utilization efficiency in sandy land were studied under drip irrigation condition in Xiliaohe Plain.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Naiman Banner of Inner Mongolia in 2023 and 2024, and 'Zhengdan 958' was used as the test maize variety. Two planting densities: 60 000 plants/hm² (D1) and 90 000 plants/hm² (D2) and seven row spacing treatments: 60 cm+60 cm (L₆₀₊₆₀, CK), 40 cm+ 80 cm (L₄₀₊₈₀), 30 cm+90 cm (L₃₀₊₉₀), 30 cm+80 cm (L₃₀₊₈₀), 40 cm+70 cm (L₄₀₊₇₀), 30 cm+70 cm (L₃₀₊₇₀) and 20 cm+70 cm (L₂₀₊₇₀) were set. The effects of planting density and row spacing on maize yield, dry matter production, photosynthetic performance and water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation in sandy land were systematically analyzed.【Result】Planting density and row spacing significantly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize in sandy land. In the two-year experiment, L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀ obtained higher yield under D2 density, which were 15.6 and 15.5 t·hm^-2, respectively. The water use efficiency (WUE) reached 2.57 and 2.55 kg·m^-3, respectively, and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP_N) reached 57.8 and 57.2 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Among them, the yield difference between L₃₀₊₈₀ and L₃₀₊₉₀ in 2023 did not reach a significant level, and the yield was 18.2% and 17.0% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The dry matter accumulation at silking stage (DMAS), dry matter accumulation at maturity stage (DMAM), dry matter accumulation after anthesis (DMAAS) and harvest index (HI) increased by 49.5%, 75.0%, 97.6%, 18.3% and 45.1%, 73.3%, 96.8%, 19.3% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The total photosynthetic potential increased by 33.6% and 30.1% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀ during the growth period. The light transmittance (Tr) of the bottom layer and ear layer decreased by 51.7%, 27.5% and 37.9%, 20.9% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) of ear leaf at silking stage (R1) and maturity stage (R6) increased by 61.0%, 60.3% and 61.5%, 59.4%, respectively. WUE and PFPN increased by 19.7%, 17.8% and 21.1%, 16.8% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. In 2024, there was no significant difference in yield between L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀, which was 14.3% and 13.8% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively; DMAS, DMAM, DMAAS and HI increased by 56.6%, 87.0%, 118.4%, 28.9% and 52.1%, 81.0%, 114.6%, 29.0%, respectively; the total photosynthetic potential increased significantly by 65.9% and 63.0% during the growth period, respectively; the Tr of the bottom layer and the ear layer decreased by 53.8%, 24.9% and 52.1%, 22.8%; the Pn of ear leaf of R1 and R6 increased by 18.7%, 86.6% and 65.6%, 86.2%, respectively. WUE and PFP_N increased by 18.7%, 13.6% and 18.9%, 14.1%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that maize yield was significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight, grain number per spike, number of harvested spikes, HI, WUE and PFP_N. DMAS and DMAAS were significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, LAD before anthesis, LAD after anthesis and Pn, and negatively correlated with Tr.【Conclusion】Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration in the sandy land of Xiliaohe Plain, the interaction between planting density and row spacing mainly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize by affecting the light transmittance of maize population, leaf photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and LAD. Therefore, the high yield and water and nitrogen production efficiency could be obtained by reasonably increasing the density of high-yield varieties to 90 000 plants/hm² and wide-narrow row spacing of 30 cm+70/80 cm.

Key words: sandy land, drip-irrigated maize, plant row spacing, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency

李晓红, 王克如, 张国强, 明博, 薛军, 方梁, 张婷婷, 叶建全, 李少昆. 增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(14): 2766-2781.

LI XiaoHong, WANG KeRu, ZHANG GuoQiang, MING Bo, XUE Jun, FANG Liang, ZHANG TingTing, YE JianQuan, LI ShaoKun. Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2766-2781.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I14/2766

图/表 10

图1

表1

表2

不同种植密度和株行距处理的沙地玉米干物质积累及HI的变化"

年份 Year	密度 Density	株行距 Plant row spacing	吐丝期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation before silking (t·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at maturity (t·hm^-2)	花后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after anthesis (t·hm^-2)	花后干物质积累率 Dry matter accumulation rate after anthesis (%)	收获指数 HI
2023	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	6.96±0.07b	16.28±0.15b	9.32±0.11b	57.23±0.33b	0.52±0.01b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	7.88±0.14a	20.11±0.47a	12.23±0.33a	60.80±0.26a	0.57±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.45±0.22c	11.23±0.29c	5.78±0.07c	51.44±0.74c	0.49±0.02c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.33±0.15a	20.56±0.16a	12.23±0.14a	59.50±0.59a	0.56±0.01a
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.94±0.28b	21.14±0.04b	12.45±0.19b	58.91±1.01b	0.49±0.02b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	11.05±0.23a	28.71±0.34a	17.37±0.08a	61.13±0.37a	0.53±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	7.59±0.14c	17.14±0.25c	9.54±0.11c	55.70±0.20c	0.44±0.01c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	11.10±0.15a	28.60±0.25a	17.51±0.23a	61.21±0.47a	0.53±0.01a
2024	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.01±0.19b	17.09±0.42b	9.08±0.25b	53.13±0.44b	0.52±0.01b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	8.01±0.33b	17.73±0.67b	9.71±0.35b	54.81±0.22b	0.52±0.02b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	6.52±0.03c	12.86±0.27c	6.34±0.29c	49.22±1.26c	0.46±0.01c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	10.14±0.34a	23.78±0.84a	14.32±0.50a	58.55±0.04a	0.57±0.02a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	10.06±0.03a	24.34±0.23a	14.48±0.20a	59.01±0.42a	0.57±0.01a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	7.16±0.30c	13.95±0.27c	6.80±0.23c	48.73±1.61c	0.47±0.01c
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	9.81±0.20b	22.53±0.31b	12.72±0.23b	56.47±0.65b	0.47±0.01b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	9.92±0.38b	22.65±0.66b	12.73±0.28b	56.25±0.41b	0.47±0.01b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.30±0.34c	17.26±0.53c	8.96±0.27c	51.94±0.95c	0.40±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	12.34±0.67a	30.56±1.23a	18.21±0.57a	59.66±0.58a	0.54±0.01a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	13.19±0.27a	31.87±0.31a	18.68±0.04a	58.63±0.44a	0.53±0.01a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	8.60±0.24c	18.27±0.57c	9.66±0.33c	52.87±0.19c	0.41±0.01b
年份Year (Y)			**	**	**	**	*
密度Density (D)			**	**	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing (P)			**	**	**	**	**
年份×密度 Y×D			*	**	**	**	**
年份×株行距 Y×P			**	**	**	**	**
密度×株行距 D×P			*	**	**	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Y×D×P			NS	NS	*	NS	NS

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

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年份 Year	密度 Density	株行距 Plant row spacing	收获穗数 Harvest Ears per ha (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per ear	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2023	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	5.89±0.01a	591.33±21.34a	373.93±3.67b	12.87±0.05b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	5.61±0.24a	603.60±8.73a	421.97±2.40a	13.82±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.67±0.10a	526.13±11.48b	309.83±4.71c	11.83±0.02c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	5.42±0.19a	614.87±21.80a	432.40±1.18a	13.99±0.14a
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.89±0.06a	569.60±3.94a	339.00±2.52b	14.62±0.08b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	8.72±0.05a	578.13±28.98a	359.00±4.04a	15.07±0.07a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.83±0.01a	448.40±50.24b	308.03±3.65c	12.90±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.83±0.29a	598.40±31.95a	371.07±6.71a	15.15±0.12a
2024	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	5.35±0.21a	550.53±22.74b	390.80±0.95b	12.79±0.03b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	5.72±0.21a	558.20±2.00b	409.30±3.62b	12.90±0.01b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.53±0.31a	491.77±6.70c	318.43±5.54d	12.26±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	5.43±0.20a	636.40±21.19a	436.70±5.66a	13.83±0.10a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	5.52±0.13a	640.27±10.70a	442.03±5.06a	13.83±0.02a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	5.31±0.13a	496.13±10.31c	344.07±11.01c	12.31±0.04c
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.90±0.42a	519.60±3.20b	357.63±1.88b	15.13±0.14a
		L₄₀₊₇₀	8.91±0.12a	513.07±6.78b	371.20±2.10b	15.14±0.03a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.72±0.70a	455.20±21.70c	301.20±3.61d	13.64±0.05c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.88±0.72a	561.87±10.10a	406.50±11.49a	15.73±0.15b
		L₃₀₊₇₀	8.78±0.81a	568.53±14.54a	421.20±4.01a	15.60±0.03b
		L₂₀₊₇₀	8.90±0.91a	463.87±11.00c	334.87±4.81c	13.60±0.03c
年份Year			NS	**	**	**
密度Density			**	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing			NS	**	**	**
年份×密度Year×Density			NS	NS	*	**
年份×株行距Year×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	**
密度×株行距Density×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Year×Density×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	NS

增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率

Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain

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变异来源 Source of variation	光合势LAD (m²·d^-1·m^-2)
变异来源 Source of variation	花前 Pre-silking	花后 Post-silking	全生育期Whole growth period
年份Year (Y)	**	**	**
密度Density (D)	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing (P)	**	**	**
年份×密度 Y×D	NS	**	**
年份×株行距 Y×P	*	**	**
密度×株行距 D×P	NS	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Y×D×P	NS	NS	NS

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