镁肥用量对花生养分吸收和光合特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明镁肥适宜用量对花生养分吸收运转和光合特性的影响，为花生高产高效提供理论支持。【方法】于2021和2022年在河南新乡开展田间试验，设置施MgSO₄0、20、40、60 kg·hm^-2等4个镁肥用量，研究镁肥用量对花生生长发育、养分吸收、光合特性、光合限速酶及抗氧化酶的影响。【结果】合理施镁显著影响花生株高，各生育时期均以施镁肥40 kg·hm^-2花生株高达到最大值；对分枝的影响最主要发生在花针期，施镁处理与不施镁相比平均增加分枝数8.8%；施镁显著影响花生干物质积累，成熟期施镁与不施镁相比增加3.5%—15.1%；施镁对产量、单株果数、百果重、百仁重提升有显著影响，其产量、单株果数、百果重、百仁重增幅分别为7.6%—15.5%、2.4%—18.1%、1.5%—11.1%、3.5%—10.9%，且均以施镁肥40 kg·hm^-2时达到最大值。成熟期4个处理花生平均氮素吸收量分别为197.3、206.8、217.9、204.8 kg·hm^-2；磷素吸收量为37.1、40.1、42.3、39.4 kg·hm^-2；钾素吸收量为75.6、79.7、81.1、78.5 kg·hm^-2；钙素吸收量为38.5、45.4、46.8、42.3 kg·hm^-2；镁素吸收量为20.9、25.4、26.6、23.6 kg·hm^-2。施镁肥40 kg·hm^-2时氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的吸收量均达到最大，比不施镁分别提高10.4%、14.0%、7.3%、21.6%、27.3%。合理施镁能显著提高花生叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、Rubisco酶活性和抗氧化酶活性。各生育时期的SPAD值均在施镁肥40 kg·hm^-2时达到最大；施镁对花生上中部叶片光合性能的改善明显，结荚期净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）的变化分别为2.7%—10.3%、-3.7%—15.8%、-6.6%—5.9%、-8.2%— -3.0%；结荚期Rubisco酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高2.7%—9.1%、0.6%—5.3%、2.1%—7.3%，脯氨酸含量（PRO）降低3.3%—10.3%。【结论】合理施用镁肥可以促进花生的生长，提高养分吸收和产量，改善花生光合特征，延缓叶片衰老。在本试验土壤交换性镁243 mg·kg^-1条件下施镁肥40 kg·hm^-2效果最好。

关键词: 高油酸花生, 镁肥, 养分累积, 光合速率, 酶活性

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the impact of an appropriate amount of magnesium (Mg) fertilizer on nutrient absorption and photosynthetic characteristics of peanuts for high yield and high efficiency, so as to provide the theoretical support for peanut high yield and high efficiency. 【Method】Field experiments were carried out from 2021 to 2022 to study the effects of four MgSO₄ dosages (0, 20, 40, 60 kg·hm^-2, referred to as T1, T2, T3, T4) on the growth and development, yield and nutrient absorption, photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic rate-limiting enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes of peanuts.【Result】The rational application of Mg showed a significant effect on peanut plant height, with the maximum value observed at 40 kg·hm^-2 in different periods. The flower needle stage showed a significant effect of Mg on branching, with an average increase of 8.8% than that under T1. The treatments with Mg application had 3.5%-15.1% higher dry matter accumulation than that under T1. The yields, pods per plant, 100-pod weight, and 100-kernel weight significantly increased within the ranges of 7.6%-15.5%, 2.4%-18.1%, 1.5%-11.1%, and 3.5%-10.9%, respectively, reaching the maximum value under T3. At the maturity stage, the nutrient absorption of different treatments as follows: nitrogen (197.3, 206.8, 217.9, and 204.8 kg·hm^-2), phosphorus (37.1, 40.1, 42.3, and 39.4 kg·hm^-2), potassium (75.6, 79.7, 81.1, and 78.5 kg·hm^-2), calcium (38.5, 45.4, 46.8, and 42.3 kg·hm^-2), and Mg (20.9, 25.4, 26.6, and 23.6 kg·hm^-2). The nutrient absorption reached the maximum under T3, which were 10.4%, 14.0%, 7.3%, 21.6%, and 27.3% higher than under T1, respectively. Reasonable application of Mg increased the SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, activity of rubisco enzyme, and antioxidant enzymes in peanut leaves. The SPAD value reached the maximum under T3 in each growth stage. At the pod-setting stage, the changes in Pn, Gs, Tr, and Ci due to Mg application were within the ranges of 2.7%-10.3%, -3.7%-15.8%, -6.6%-5.9%, and -8.2%- -3.0%, respectively. The activities of Rubisco, SOD, and CAT increased by 2.7%-9.1%, 0.6%-5.3%, and 2.1%-7.3%, respectively, while the PRO decreased by 3.3%-10.3%. 【Conclusion】Rational application of Mg fertilizer promoted peanut growth, increased nutrient absorption and yield, improved photosynthetic characteristics, and delayed leaf senescence. The recommended Mg application rate in soils with exchangeable Mg of 243 mg·kg^-1 was 40 kg·hm^-2.

Key words: high oleic acid peanut, Mg fertilizer, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic rate, enzymatic activity

胡家钰, 高兵阳, 高怡帆, 袁世仑, 齐欣, 黄玉芳, 闫军营, 赵亚南, 叶优良. 镁肥用量对花生养分吸收和光合特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(16): 3220-3233.

HU JiaYu, GAO BingYang, GAO YiFan, YUAN ShiLun, QI Xin, HUANG YuFang, YAN JunYing, ZHAO YaNan, YE YouLiang. Effects of Magnesium Fertilizer Dosage on Nutrient Absorption and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Peanuts[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(16): 3220-3233.

图/表 8

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

表2

表3

镁肥用量对花生叶片光合特性的影响"

叶片 Leaf						中部叶片 Middle leaves				下部叶片 Lower leaves
生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	净光合速率 Pn (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	净光合速率 Pn (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	净光合速率 Pn (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)
花针期 Flowering pegging stage	T1	46.050±1.505b	0.726±0.041b	214.625±3.574a	5.369±0.110b	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	T2	47.663±1.617ab	0.740±0.042b	209.063±4.038ab	5.524±0.112ab	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	T3	48.888±1.111a	0.818±0.031a	205.625±6.023b	5.748±0.139a	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	T4	47.394±1.514ab	0.773±0.039a	211.625±3.099ab	5.717±0.225a	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
结荚期 Pod-setting stage	T1	46.517±0.695b	0.736±0.052ab	216.750±4.646a	5.477±0.129b	28.667±0.593b	0.551±0.044b	253.000±5.818a	4.298±0.245ab	14.533±0.213b	0.312±0.011c	259.750±6.124a	2.688±0.096b
	T2	47.950±0.510a	0.709±0.035b	207.667±2.018b	5.644±0.233ab	29.450±1.773b	0.587±0.023ab	245.333±8.869ab	4.014±0.208b	15.725±0.618a	0.434±0.017b	251.667±3.174b	2.818±0.062ab
	T3	48.925±1.333a	0.791±0.043a	202.750±2.184b	5.800±0.110a	31.625±0.945a	0.638±0.046a	232.333±13.958b	4.501±0.081a	14.833±0.568ab	0.451±0.042b	245.917±3.872b	2.749±0.055ab
	T4	48.100±0.729a	0.759±0.021ab	208.083±6.652b	5.790±0.219a	29.433±1.414b	0.611±0.031a	240.750±8.582ab	4.191±0.204ab	15.200±0.310ab	0.506±0.019a	250.333±5.598b	2.879±0.150a
饱果期 Pod-filling stage	T1	28.517±1.507b	0.280±0.026ab	221.750±5.322a	4.538±0.043b	6.568±1.045b	0.035±0.003c	254.333±6.080a	2.378±0.090c	4.098±0.065b	0.022±0.002c	279.583±11.874a	0.526±0.031b
	T2	29.083±1.483b	0.315±0.028a	210.583±4.289ab	4.633±0.150ab	8.978±1.398a	0.037±0.006c	248.583±3.957ab	2.733±0.151b	4.210±0.084ab	0.036±0.002a	273.000±9.926ab	0.652±0.015a
	T3	31.433±0.712a	0.284±0.022ab	206.000±1.515b	4.747±0.052a	9.748±1.045a	0.063±0.007b	240.083±5.109b	3.202±0.082a	4.241±0.105a	0.032±0.002b	256.500±13.234b	0.678±0.012a
	T4	29.308±0.722b	0.272±0.017b	209.083±1.424b	4.641±0.161ab	7.831±1.443ab	0.081±0.014a	239.750±17.236b	2.533±0.165c	4.169±0.058ab	0.022±0.002c	256.167±9.199b	0.545±0.021b
成熟期 Mature stage	T1	13.892±0.709b	0.111±0.007b	231.417±4.999a	2.610±0.070b	6.147±0.428c	0.033±0.004b	257.667±4.380a	0.976±0.088b	2.833±0.055c	0.021±0.001c	305.333±9.092a	0.458±0.006c
	T2	15.075±1.093ab	0.120±0.005ab	223.667±4.009ab	2.803±0.098ab	7.793±0.220b	0.035±0.005b	251.750±8.500ab	1.288±0.109a	3.318±0.058a	0.030±0.002a	301.917±11.641ab	0.499±0.009a
	T3	16.008±0.676a	0.128±0.009a	217.333±4.119b	2.886±0.088a	8.600±0.175a	0.042±0.005a	247.333±3.991b	1.130±0.175ab	3.346±0.050a	0.027±0.002b	296.500±14.180ab	0.481±0.010b
	T4	14.825±0.988ab	0.109±0.014b	221.917±7.753b	2.720±0.191ab	7.646±0.420b	0.043±0.003a	250.583±6.602ab	1.176±0.182ab	3.078±0.099b	0.022±0.001c	285.333±9.572b	0.480±0.016b

表3

图5

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	单株果数 Pods per plant（No.）	百果重 100-pod weight (g)	百仁重 100-kernel weight (g)	出仁率 Kernel rate (%)
2021	T1	4717±84.03c	12.7±0.83b	148.9±6.05b	60.3±1.05c	72.9±1.97b
	T2	5288±149.89b	13.6±0.97ab	153.5±6.28ab	63.5±2.11b	74.5±1.44ab
	T3	5463±84.03a	15.0±1.06a	158.2±3.76a	66.9±1.43a	76.1±0.62a
	T4	5156±110.44b	13.1±1.13b	151.1±1.35ab	62.4±2.06bc	74.3±2.07ab
2022	T1	4438±85.39c	16.4±0.52b	198.5±6.49b	72.5±3.10b	68.5±1.11b
	T2	4875±239.79b	18.2±1.36a	214.9±14.90ab	76.6±1.78a	70.2±3.03ab
	T3	5200±108.01a	19.0±0.68a	220.5±9.78a	77.7±1.16a	71.9±1.60a
	T4	4700±135.40b	16.8±0.79b	215.1±11.23ab	75.9±3.28ab	69.4±0.38ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生育时期 Growth stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花针期 Pegging stage	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	饱果期 Pod-filling stage	成熟期 Mature stage
2021	T1	42.9±2.88a	47.8±1.03b	47.7±2.39b	42.5±2.30b
	T2	43.4±2.05a	49.7±0.36a	49.1±2.03ab	43.3±1.27ab
	T3	45.5±1.96a	51.4±0.85a	50.9±0.70a	45.7±0.95a
	T4	44.6±0.50a	51.2±1.54a	50.7±0.68a	44.5±1.89ab
2022	T1	43.9±1.74b	50.9±1.47b	47.5±1.24b	46.2±1.37b
	T2	45.1±1.52ab	52.3±1.32a	49.7±1.35a	48.2±1.43ab
	T3	47.1±1.20a	52.6±1.49a	50.8±0.70a	48.8±1.37a
	T4	46.8±0.92a	51.1±1.11a	50.6±1.89a	47.8±1.47ab