不同生态区冬油菜根系生长及碳氮积累分配特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.011

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (12): 2404-2423.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

不同生态区冬油菜根系生长及碳氮积累分配特征

黄方园¹^,²(), 卞潇华¹^,², 蒋展¹^,², 肖晓璐¹^,², 段博¹^,², 陈畅¹^,², 马霓¹^,²(), 关周博³()

¹ 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所，武汉430062
² 农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室，武汉430062
³ 陕西省杂交油菜研究中心，陕西杨凌712100

收稿日期:2023-07-28 接受日期:2024-01-30 出版日期:2024-06-16 发布日期:2024-06-25
通信作者:
马霓，E-mail：mani@caas.cn。
关周博，E-mail：36806504@qq.com
联系方式: 黄方园，E-mail：huangfangy@foxmail.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31971855); 武汉市知识创新专项曙光计划(2023020201020400); 中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP- 2021-OCRI); 国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-12)

Characteristics of Root Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Winter Rapeseed in Different Ecological Regions

HUANG FangYuan¹^,²(), BIAN XiaoHua¹^,², JIANG Zhan¹^,², XIAO XiaoLu¹^,², DUAN Bo¹^,², CHEN Chang¹^,², MA Ni¹^,²(), GUAN ZhouBo³()

¹ Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062
² Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062
³ Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

Received:2023-07-28 Accepted:2024-01-30 Published:2024-06-16 Online:2024-06-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】作物产量受到生态环境的显著影响。研究不同气候条件下冬油菜的产量形成机制，为冬油菜高产品种选育和高产栽培提供理论基础。【方法】选择高产油菜品种秦优1618（Q1618）、油菜材料QF1以及常规油菜品种中双11（ZS11），2020—2021年在黄淮地区（陕西永寿）和长江中游地区（湖北阳逻）分别进行大田试验，研究不同生态区3个不同品种冬油菜的生长发育和生理特性。【结果】不同生态区显著影响冬油菜根系生长特性、干物质积累分配和碳氮积累特征。两个生态区均以Q1618的根系生长最为旺盛，其根长在越冬期较ZS11和QF1分别平均提高了21.0%和6.0%。此外，在阳逻3个品种油菜花期的根系主要集中分布在土壤浅层（0—15 cm），永寿点主要集中分布在土壤深层（15—30 cm）。与ZS11和QF1相比，两个地点的Q1618油菜花期的深层根长、根表面积、根系平均直径、根尖数分别平均提高了138.1%、78.8%、24.2%、83.3%和104.8%、103.1%、44.2%、41.6%。油菜越冬期和花期根系生长与产量显著正相关，且在永寿点相关性更强；越冬期，黄淮产区油菜地上部干物质积累减缓，叶片氮含量降低，根部可溶性糖含量积累，各器官（根、茎、叶）中蔗糖、果糖含量整体表现为QF1>Q1618>ZS11，且该区各器官可溶性糖含量与产量正相关。长江中游产区冬油菜根茎叶基本处于同步生长期，其越冬期干物质积累量整体较黄淮产区提高 3.0倍，而该区越冬期干物质积累与单株有效角果数显著正相关。抽薹期后，两个试验点均以Q1618的干物质积累量最大，永寿试验点冬油菜成熟期的干物质积累量和角果中的干物质分配比例提高，分别较阳逻点显著提高10.3%和39.0%。整体而言，长江中游产区提高了冬油菜单株有效角果数，但黄淮产区冬油菜通过提高每角粒数和千粒重，其实测产量（除ZS11受冻害严重减产外）较长江中游产区平均提高了21.1%。相关性分析也表明，永寿点油菜产量与每角粒数和千粒重显著正相关，阳逻点油菜产量与单株有效角果数显著正相关。【结论】长江中游地区通过促进油菜冬前生长，提高单株有效角果数。黄淮产区则通过适当控制越冬期油菜地上部营养体的生长，抽薹期后促进根和茎秆的干物质向籽粒分配来提高每角粒数和千粒重，有利于实现冬油菜高产。

关键词: 油菜, 根系, 碳、氮积累, 干物质分配, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The crop yield is significantly affected by the ecological environment. In this study, the yield formation mechanism of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different climatic conditions was studied to provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield breeding and cultivation of winter rapeseed. 【Method】The three different varieties of winter rapeseed were selected, including high-yield rapeseed (Qinyou 1618, Q1618), rapeseed materials (QF1), and conventional rapeseed (Zhongshuang 11, ZS11). Field experiments were conducted in the Huanghuai region (Yongshou, Shaanxi) and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (Yangluo, Hubei) from 2020 to 2021 to study the characteristics of growth, development and physiological characteristics of the three different varieties of winter rapeseed in different ecological regions. 【Result】Different ecological regions significantly affected the root growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, carbon and nitrogen metabolism response characteristics of winter rapeseed. The root growth of Q1618 was the most vigorous at the two sites, and its root length increased by 21.0% and 6.0% on average compared with ZS11 and QF1 during the overwintering period, respectively. In addition, the spatial distribution differences of root systems among the three varieties at the flowering stage were mainly concentrated in the shallow soil (0-15 cm) at Yangluo, while they were mainly concentrated in the deep soil (15-30 cm) at Yongshou. Compared with ZS11 and QF1, Q1618 showed an average increase of 138.1%, 78.8%, 24.2%, 83.3%, and 104.8%, 103.1%, 44.2%, 41.6% in root length, root surface area, root diameter, and root tip number of deep soil layer during flowering stage at the two sites, respectively. The root growth and yield of rapeseed during overwintering and flowering period were significantly positively correlated, and the correlation was stronger at Yongshou. During the overwintering period of rapeseed in the Huanghuai region, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground parts slowed down, and the nitrogen content in the leaves was decreased, the soluble sugar content in roots were accumulated, and the sucrose and fructose content in various organs (roots, stems, and leaves) with the overall performance being QF1>Q1618>ZS11, and the soluble sugar content in all organs in this area was positively correlated with yield. The roots, stems and leaves of winter rapeseed in the middle reaches of Yangtze River were basically in a synchronous growth stage, and the dry matter accumulation during the overwintering period was 3.0 times higher than that in the Huanghuai region, and the dry matter accumulation during the overwintering period was significantly positively correlated with the effective pod number per plant in this area. After the bolting stage, the dry matter accumulation of Q1618 was the highest at the two sites. The dry matter accumulation of winter rapeseed at maturity and the dry matter distribution ratio were significantly increased by 10.3% and 39.0% at Yongshou, compared with that at Yangluo site, respectively. On the whole, although the effective number of pods per plant was increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the measured of winter rapeseed (except ZS11 which was reduced by freezing damage) increased by 21.1% on average by increasing the number of grains per pod and the 1000-grain weight in the Huanghuai region compared with that in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Correlation analysis also showed that the rapeseed yield at Yongshou site was significantly positively correlated with the seed number per pod and the 1000-grain weight, while the yield of rapeseed at Yangluo site was significantly positively correlated with the effective number of pods per plant【Conclusion】 The effective number of pod per plant was increased by promoting the growth of rapeseed before the overwintering period in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. However, in the Huanghuai region, the vegetative growth of aboveground plants during the overwintering period was properly controlled, and the dry matter of roots and stems was promoted to be distributed to grains after bolting, and the number of grains per corner and 1000-grain weight were increased, which was conducive to achieving high yield of winter rapeseed.

Key words: rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), root system, carbon and nitrogen accumulation, dry matter distribution, yield

黄方园, 卞潇华, 蒋展, 肖晓璐, 段博, 陈畅, 马霓, 关周博. 不同生态区冬油菜根系生长及碳氮积累分配特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(12): 2404-2423.

HUANG FangYuan, BIAN XiaoHua, JIANG Zhan, XIAO XiaoLu, DUAN Bo, CHEN Chang, MA Ni, GUAN ZhouBo. Characteristics of Root Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Winter Rapeseed in Different Ecological Regions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(12): 2404-2423.

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地点 Sites	品种 Variety	播种期 Sowing period	出苗期 Seedling period	越冬期 Overwintering period	抽薹期 Bolting period	开花期 Flowering period	角果期 Pod period	成熟期 Mature period	生育期 Growth period (d)
永寿 Yongshou	Q1618	Sept. 18th	Sept.27th	Dec. 21th	Mar.11th	Mar.28th	Apr. 23th	Jun. 7th	263
	QF1
	ZS11
阳逻 Yangluo	Q1618	Oct. 13th	Oct. 20th	Jan. 26th	Feb. 23th	Mar. 10th	Apr. 13th	May. 3th	204
	QF1
	ZS11

地点 Site	品种 Variety	冬前期 Before overwintering period	越冬期 Overwintering period	抽薹期 Bolting period	开花期 Flowering period	角果期 Pod period	成熟期 Mature period
永寿 Yongshou	Q1618	4.53a	2.97a	6.16a	28.86a	48.26a	65.68a
	QF1	3.01b	2.66a	4.26b	22.68b	36.43b	44.40b
	ZS11	2.79b	2.28a	4.26b	24.3b	43.42b	70.48a
	平均Mean	3.44A	2.64B	4.89B	25.28A	42.70A	60.19A
阳逻 Yangluo	Q1618	4.07a	11.12a	19.26a	27.16a	37.65a	61.34a
	QF1	3.99a	9.90a	13.47c	24.65b	36.04ab	43.41b
	ZS11	3.45a	10.8a	16.79b	26.14a	34.18b	58.93a
	平均Mean	3.84A	10.61A	16.51A	25.98A	35.96B	54.56B
因素显著性 Significance of ANOVA	Site (S)	ns	**	*	ns	*	*
	Genotype (G)	*	ns	**	*	*	**
	S×G	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

地点 Site	品种 Variety	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	单株分枝数 Number of branches per plant	单株有效角果数 Effective pod number per plant	每角粒数 Seed number per pod	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
永寿 Yongshou	Q1618	0.36 a	6.4 b	209.9 a	19.1 a	4.77 a	4219.5 a
	QF1	0.35 a	7.7 a	185.5 b	21.6 a	4.05 b	3358.5 b
	ZS11	0.20 b	4.8 c	115.5 c	17.7 b	4.24 ab	1662.6 c
	平均Mean	0.30 A	6.29 A	170.30 B	19.5 A	4.35 A	3080.2 A
阳逻 Yangluo	Q1618	0.25 a	6.5 a	250.0 a	17.6 a	3.89 a	3595.5 a
	QF1	0.24 a	7.0 a	216.5 b	14.9 c	3.46 b	2493.0 b
	ZS11	0.23 a	5.9 a	216.0 b	15.8 b	3.84 a	3097.5 a
	平均Mean	0.24 B	6.5 A	227.5 A	16.4 B	3.73 B	3172.0 A
因素显著性 Significance of ANOVA	地点Site (S)	**	*	**	**	*	*
	品种Variety (V)	*	*	**	*	*	**
	S×V	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

不同生态区冬油菜根系生长及碳氮积累分配特征

Characteristics of Root Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Winter Rapeseed in Different Ecological Regions

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