中国玉米百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量的空间差异及驱动因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】定量中国不同农业生态区和不同产量水平条件下的玉米百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量（N₁₀₀），分析气候、土壤、品种和施肥因素对玉米N₁₀₀的影响，为确定合理施氮量提供科学依据。【方法】将中国分为东北、西北、华北平原、长江中下游平原、西南和东南6大农作区，搜集1980—2022年发表的349篇符合要求的文献，通过数据统计分析不同区域和不同产量水平条件下的玉米N₁₀₀，并分析采用统一和区域化的N₁₀₀计算出的理论施氮量差异，采用皮尔逊相关系数（pearson correlation coefficient）、随机森林（random forest）模型和整合分析（Meta-analysis）方法分析气候、土壤和施肥因素对玉米N₁₀₀的影响，揭示导致中国玉米N₁₀₀空间差异的原因。【结果】优化处理条件下，中国春玉米N₁₀₀显著低于夏玉米，分别为2.21和2.46;不同农业生态区玉米N₁₀₀存在显著差异，分别为2.19（东北春玉米）、2.12（西北春玉米）、2.54（西北夏玉米）、2.45（华北夏玉米）、2.77（长江中下游春玉米）、2.38（长江中下游夏玉米）和2.39（西南玉米区）。依据本研究全国玉米平均N₁₀₀（2.34）计算的理论施氮量与采用区域化的N₁₀₀计算得到的理论施氮量相差-22—31 kg N·hm^-2。地上部吸氮量、产量、年均气温是影响玉米N₁₀₀的最重要因素;N₁₀₀随产量增加呈显著二次曲线降低的趋势（P<0.01），籽粒产量可以很好地预测N₁₀₀;品种显著影响玉米N₁₀₀，中国常见的玉米品种郑单958、先玉335和登海605的N₁₀₀分别为2.42、2.12和2.39，新品种玉米N₁₀₀显著低于老品种。施用氮肥显著增加了玉米N₁₀₀，且在施氮量200—300 kg N·hm^-2时，施氮肥引起的N₁₀₀增加效应最大。单施缓控释肥、深施氮肥、减少氮肥基施比例以及增加施氮次数均显著增加了玉米N₁₀₀。【结论】在利用N₁₀₀进行合理施氮量计算时，需要考虑不同农业生态区N₁₀₀的显著差异，以得到更加准确的推荐施氮量，玉米N₁₀₀的驱动因素主要为作物地上部吸氮量、产量和年均气温的变异。

关键词: 玉米, 百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量, 产量水平, 合理施氮量, 农业生态区

Abstract:

【Objective】 We aim to quantify aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake in per hundred kilograms grain (N₁₀₀) of maize in different agro-ecological zones at different yield levels in China, and analyze the effects of climate, soil, variety and N fertilization on N₁₀₀ of maize, thus to provide a scientific basis for determining rational N fertilizer rate. 【Method】 We divided Chinese cropland into six major regions, i.e., northeast, northwest, North China Plain, middle and lower Yangtze River, southwest, and southeast, and collected 349 peer-reviewed papers published during 1980-2022 to analyze the spatial variation of N₁₀₀ and its changes at different yield levels, and compared the differences in calculated theoretical N rate between constant and region-specific N₁₀₀. The effects of climate, soil and fertilization on N₁₀₀ were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, Random forest model and Meta-analysis, to reveal the causes of spatial variation in N₁₀₀. 【Result】 Under the optimized N management, N₁₀₀ of spring maize was significantly lower than that of summer maize which were 2.21 and 2.46, respectively; and there were significant differences in N₁₀₀ of maize among different agro-ecological zones, which were 2.19 (Northeast spring maize), 2.12 (Northwest spring maize), 2.54 (Northwest summer maize), 2.45 (North China Plain summer maize), 2.77 (Middle and Lower Yangtze River spring maize), 2.38 (Middle and Lower Yangtze River summer maize), and 2.39 (Southwestern maize zone), respectively. The difference between calculated the theoretical N rate based on the national average N₁₀₀ (2.34) and that based on regional-specific N₁₀₀ was -22-31 kg N·hm^-2. Aboveground N uptake, yield, and mean annual temperature were the most important factors affecting N₁₀₀. The N₁₀₀ showed a significant quadratic decrease with increasing yield (P<0.01), and grain yield was a good predictor of N₁₀₀. Varieties significantly affected maize N₁₀₀, the N₁₀₀ of common Chinese maize varieties Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335, and Denghai 605 are 2.42, 2.12, and 2.39, respectively. New varieties had a significant lower N₁₀₀ than old varieties. The application of N fertilizer significantly increased the N₁₀₀ of maize, and the greatest increase effect of N₁₀₀ caused by N fertilizer application was observed at 200-300 kg N·hm^-2. Once application of slow and controlled release fertilizer, deep placement, reduction of the ratio of basal N fertilization and increasing the frequency of N fertilizer application all significantly increased N₁₀₀. 【Conclusion】 When calculate the rational N fertilization, we need to considerate the regional differences of N₁₀₀, thus to obtain accurate fertilizer N rate, and the N₁₀₀ of maize is mainly driven by variation in aboveground N uptake, yield and mean annual temperature.

Key words: maize, aboveground N uptake in per hundred kilograms grain, yield levels, rational N fertilization, agro-ecological zones

王丹丹, 陈焕轩, 张翀, 巨晓棠. 中国玉米百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量的空间差异及驱动因素[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(20): 3996-4009.

WANG DanDan, CHEN HuanXuan, ZHANG Chong, JU XiaoTang. Spatial Differences and Driving Factors of Aboveground Nitrogen Uptake in Per Hundred Kilograms Grain of Maize in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(20): 3996-4009.

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