单季麦秸还田促进小麦-玉米周年碳效率和经济效益协同提高

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.02.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】优化小麦-玉米周年秸秆还田方式,实现系统碳效率及经济效益协同提高,促进小麦-玉米周年可持续生产。【方法】基于8年小麦-玉米周年秸秆还田长期定位试验,分析小麦、玉米秸秆双季还田（D）与小麦秸秆单季还田（S）对作物秸秆产量和碳投入量的影响,明确不同碳投入量对小麦-玉米周年产量及其稳定性和可持续性的影响;系统分析碳效率与经济效益对小麦-玉米周年不同碳投入量的响应特征。【结果】（1）D和S处理的年均秸秆还田量分别为13.54和5.43 t·hm^-2;D处理投入土壤中的根系和根茬生物量分别为3.04和2.14 t·hm^-2,较S处理均无显著差异（P>0.05）;S处理的根系、根茬和根系分泌物碳投入量分别为1.34、0.97和1.35 t·hm^-2,较D处理没有显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）S处理的资源和农田管理碳投入量为1.73 t C·hm^-2,较D处理减少51.29 kg C·hm^-2;S处理的农田碳总投入量为9.00 t C·hm^-2,较D处理的12.30 t C·hm^-2显著减少了26.82%（P<0.05）;S处理的年均秸秆碳投入量为2.31 t C·hm^-2,较D处理减少了60.85%,秸秆投入量的差异是造成农田碳投入差异显著的主要因素。（3）S处理的年际平均玉米产量为7.29 t·hm^-2,较D处理减少了5.48%,D处理的小麦和周年产量为7.76和15.05 t·hm^-2,分别较S处理减少5.67%和0.26%;S处理的作物周年产量稳定性和可持续性指数分别为0.19和0.63,较D处理没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。（4）S和D处理的周年籽粒碳产出量分别为6.27和6.25 t C·hm^-2,植株碳产出量分别为15.96和15.74 t C·hm^-2,均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。S处理的碳生产效率和碳生态效率分别为0.69 kg·kg^-1和1.77 kg·kg^-1,较D处理分别显著增加60.47%和39.37%（P<0.05）。（5）小麦季,S处理的年际平均产值和年际平均净收益分别为1.89万元/hm²和0.72万元/hm²,与D处理相比均没有显著差异（P>0.05）;玉米季,S处理的年际平均产值和年际平均净收益分别为1.91万元/hm²和0.81万元/hm²,较D处理分别增加了0.38万元/hm²和0.39万元/hm²;小麦-玉米周年,S处理的年际平均产值和年际平均净收益为3.80万元/hm²和1.56万元/hm²,较D处理分别显著增加14.81%和51.54%（P<0.05）。【结论】小麦秸秆单季还田在不显著影响小麦-玉米周年籽粒产量以及产量稳定性和可持续性的前提下,减少了玉米秸秆的碳投入量,促进了碳效率和经济效益的协同提高。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 小麦, 玉米, 碳效率, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to optimize straw returning method in wheat-maize double cropping system and to realize the coordinated improvement of system carbon efficiency and economic benefits, so as to promote the sustainable production of wheat-maize double cropping system. 【Method】Based on the long-term field experiment with 8 years of straw returning, this study analyzed the effects of wheat-maize straw returning (D) and single season wheat straw returning (S) on crop straw production and farmland carbon input, and identified the effects of different carbon inputs on wheat, maize, and annual yields, as well as yield stability and sustainability. The response characteristics of carbon efficiency and economic benefits to different carbon inputs in wheat-maize planting system were systematically analyzed. 【Result】 (1)The average annual straw returning quantity of D and S was 13.54 and 5.43 t·hm^-2, respectively. The biomass of roots and stubble putting into farmland soil under D were about 3.04 and 2.14 t·hm^-2, respectively, with no significant difference compared with S (P>0.05). The carbon input of root, root stubble and root exudates under S was 1.34, 0.97 and 1.35 t·hm^-2, respectively, which showed no significant difference compared with D (P>0.05). (2) The input of agricultural resources and management carbon under S was 1.73 t C·hm^-2, which was 51.29 kg C·hm^-2 less than that under D. The total carbon input under S and D were 9.00 and 12.30 t C·hm^-2, respectively, with a significant decrease of 26.82% (P<0.05). The difference of straw input was the main factor that caused the significant difference of farmland carbon input. The annual average straw carbon input under S was 2.31t C·hm^-2, which was 60.85% less than that under D. (3) The annual average maize yield under S was 7.29 t·hm^-2, which was 5.48% lower than that under D. The wheat yield under D (7.76 t·hm^-2) was 5.67% and 0.26% lower than that under S, respectively. However, the sum of wheat and maize yields under S was not significantly different from that under D. The annual yield stability and sustainability indexes under S were 0.19 and 0.63, respectively, which showed no significant difference compared with D (P>0.05). (4) The annual grain carbon production of S and D were 6.27 and 6.25 t C·hm^-2, respectively, and the plant carbon production were 15.96 and 15.74 t C·hm^-2, respectively. The carbon production efficiency and carbon ecological efficiency under S were 0.69 kg·kg^-1 and 1.77 kg·kg^-1, respectively, significantly increased by 60.47% and 39.37% compared with D (P<0.05). (5) In wheat season, the inter-annual average output value and inter-annual average net income under S were ¥18 900 and ¥7 200 per hectare, respectively, which showed no significant difference compared with D (P>0.05). In the maize season, the annual average output value and the annual average net income of S were ¥19 100 and ¥8 010 per hectare, respectively, which were increased by ¥3 880 and ¥3 990 compared with D, respectively. The annual interannual average output value and interannual average net income under S were ¥38 600 and ¥15 600 per hectare, with 14.81% and 51.54% higher than those under D, respectively. 【Conclusion】Under the premise of not significantly affecting the annual wheat - maize grain yield, stability and sustainability of crop production, the only wheat straw returning reduced the maize straw returning, and synergistic improved the carbon efficiency and economic benefit of wheat-maize double cropping system.

Key words: straw returning, crop production, carbon efficiency, economic benefit

王良,刘元元,钱欣,张慧,代红翠,刘开昌,高英波,方志军,刘树堂,李宗新. 单季麦秸还田促进小麦-玉米周年碳效率和经济效益协同提高[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(2): 350-364.

WANG Liang,LIU YuanYuan,QIAN Xin,ZHANG Hui,DAI HongCui,LIU KaiChang,GAO YingBo,FANG ZhiJun,LIU ShuTang,LI ZongXin. The Single Season Wheat Straw Returning to Promote the Synergistic Improvement of Carbon Efficiency and Economic Benefit in Wheat- Maize Double Cropping System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(2): 350-364.

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生产物资 Resource input	小麦 Wheat		玉米 Maize		碳排放系数 C index
生产物资 Resource input	D	S	D	S	碳排放系数 C index
种子 Seed (kg·hm^-2)	172.5	172.5	22.5	22.5	小麦 Wheat:0.11 kg C·kg^-1
种子 Seed (kg·hm^-2)	172.5	172.5	22.5	22.5	玉米 Maize:1.05 kg C·kg^-1
复合肥 Fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	600	600	600	600	0.90 kg C·kg^-1
尿素 Urea (kg·hm^-2)	225	225	225	225	1.74 kg C·kg^-1
杀虫剂 Pesticide (kg·hm^-2)	7.85	7.85	7.85	7.85	3.90 kg C·kg^-1
杀菌剂 Fungicide (kg·hm^-2)	4.85	4.85	4.85	4.85	5.10 kg C·kg^-1
灌溉 Irrigation (kW·h)	250.2	250.2	83.4	83.4	0.92 kg C·kW^-1·h^-1
机械 Machinery (L·hm^-2)	145	145	104.5	85	2.63 kg C·L^-1
人工 Labor (d·hm^-2)	55.2	55.2	55.2	55.2	0.92 kg C·d^-1

生产物资 Resource input	小麦季 Wheat		玉米季 Maize		单价 Price
生产物资 Resource input	D	S	D	S	单价 Price
种子 Seed (yuan/hm²)	1086.75	1086.75	848.25	848.25	小麦 Wheat 6.3 yuan/kg
种子 Seed (yuan/hm²)	1086.75	1086.75	848.25	848.25	玉米 Maize 37.7 yuan/kg
复合肥 Fertilizer (yuan/hm²)	3588	3588	3588	3588	5.98 yuan/kg
尿素 Urea (yuan/hm²)	787.5	787.5	787.5	787.5	3.5 yuan/kg
杀虫剂 Pesticide (yuan/hm²)	549.5	549.5	549.5	549.5	70.0 yuan/kg
杀菌剂 Fungicide (yuan/hm²)	315.25	315.25	315.25	315.25	65.0 yuan/kg
灌溉 Irrigation (yuan/hm²)	200.16	200.16	66.72	66.72	0.8 yuan/(kW·h)
机械 Machinery (yuan/hm²)	739.5	739.5	532.95	433.5	5.1 yuan/L
人工 Labor (yuan/hm²)	4416	4416	4416	4416	80.0 yuan/d
总投入 Total inputs (yuan/hm²)	11682.66	11682.66	11104.17	11004.72	—