中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (17): 3380-3394.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于国家粮食安全下的农业面源污染综合防治体系思考

杨世琦()   

  1. 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-21 接受日期:2021-11-02 出版日期:2022-09-01 发布日期:2022-09-07
  • 作者简介:杨世琦,E-mail: shiqiyang@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0800504)

Thought of Pollution Comprehensive Prevention and Control System of Non-Point Sources Based on National Food Security

YANG ShiQi()   

  1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2021-07-21 Accepted:2021-11-02 Online:2022-09-01 Published:2022-09-07

摘要:

【目的】 明确我国粮食安全下的农业面源污染态势,提出农业面源污染防治技术体系与综合防治体系。【方法】 从粮食产量、化肥施用量、人均粮食占有量、单位面积化肥施肥量、化肥生产效率的国家比较,氮肥施用量的环境风险与产量风险判定,省域尺度下的化肥施用量及面源污染风险分析等方面分析了我国粮食生产和化肥施用情况;从两次全国污染普查比较分析了国家面源污染减排成效,从农业污染源排放总量及其占比、农业面源污染减排空间(养殖业、种植业、氮肥减量和节约粮食)分析了我国农业面源污染减排趋势。在此基础上,构建了基于粮食安全下的农业面源污染防治技术体系,提出了农业面源污染综合防治体系。【结果】 (1)我国人均粮食占有量2008年超过400.0 kg、2012年超过450.0 kg和2019年达到475.0 kg,国家粮食安全保障水平提高很大,为农业面源污染防治提供了重要保障。(2)国家尺度上的农田氮肥施用量近年来逐渐降低,2019年降低为161.1 kg·hm-2,处于合理区间的下沿,但局部施肥超量与不足应予以重视。(3)全国尺度下的氮肥施用量160.0—170.0 kg·hm-2能够保障人均粮食占有量450.0—500.0 kg的较高水平。(4)我国农业面源污染减排方案,首先是畜禽粪便全部还田利用,养殖污染排放量基本趋零,基本消除农业面源Ⅴ类水体;其次种植业总氮(TN)排放量降低至4.0×105—4.5×105 t,总磷(TP)排放量降低至4.0×104—5.0×104 t;三是节约粮食和减少农产品浪费能为农田减肥、减排、去压、休养和粮食安全创造了更有利的条件。农业面源污染防治技术体系的核心是适宜施肥、土壤保育和作物生产,提高要素质量和协调关系,形成适合地域的农作制度,并开展推广应用。【结论】 农业面源污染综合防治体系是由科学家、农业生产者和政府构成的三位一体和协同合作整体,调动科学家能动性,激发农业生产者的积极性以及发挥政府的职能,实现国家粮食和环境双安全发展目标。

关键词: 粮食安全, 农业面源污染, 综合防治体系, 技术体系, 国家尺度

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this study, in view of food security (FS) in China, the situation of non-point source pollution (NPS) was clearly showed, and NPS technical system and NPS comprehensive prevention and control system were proposed. 【Method】 The grain production and fertilizer application among main nations were compared, including total grain output and fertilizer application, per capita grain and per hectare fertilizer application, ration of fertilizer application and grain productive capacity. Meanwhile, the ration of nitrogen fertilizer and it’s judgment and ration of nitrogen fertilizer based on provincial scale were analyzed, and NPS reduction effects according to two national pollution censuses, trends of NPS reduction in China were deeply investigated, including total amounts and it’s proportion, NPS reduction potential (stockbreeding, plantation, nitrogen reduction and food saving). Based on FS the NPS technical system was constructed, and NPS comprehensive prevention and control system was proposed. 【Result】 (1) The per capita grain was more than 400 kg in 2008, more than 450.0 kg in 2012 and 475.0 kg in 2019 in China, indicating a higher FS created a key safeguard for NPS. (2) The ration of nitrogen application was not high and decreased on national scale, which was 161.1 kg·hm-2 in 2019 and lay low side of reasonable range. The excessive and inadequate application should be paid attention. (3) At the national scale, the ration of nitrogen fertilizer application 160.0-170.0 kg·hm-2 could safeguard per capita grain 450.0-500.0 kg in the future. (4) NPS reduction scheme: firstly, the dung should be all returned to field, and the pollutant emission should be close to zero, and the Ⅴ class water from NPS should be basically eliminated. Secondly, TN and TP emission from plantation should be reduced to 4.0×105-4.5×105 t and 4.0×104-5.0×104 t, respectively. Thirdly, the saving food and decreasing food waste could create the favorable condition for field fertilizer, emission and stress reduction, rehabilitation and FS. The key elements of NPS technical system based on FS were suitable fertilizer application, soil conservation and crop production, and a good and harmonious system should set up by agricultural machinery, farmland irrigation and water conservancy, clean stockbreeding, intelligence techniques, standards, laws and regulations to form farming system with local and watershed characters, then which had an extensive application. 【Conclusion】 NPS comprehensive prevention and control system was composed of scientists, agricultural producers and government to form the trinity, which should motivate scientist initiative, agricultural producer enthusiasm and government functions to carry out the double security of national food and environment in China in the future.

Key words: food security, non-point source pollution, comprehensive prevention and control system, technical system, national scale