典型农业小流域面源污染源解析与控制策略——以丹江口水源涵养区为例

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】对丹江口库区典型小流域农业面源污染现状进行调查分析,解析该地区农业面源污染负荷和污染源,以期为制定针对性防控策略及促进农业绿色发展提供参考依据。【方法】通过问卷调查形式对谭家湾流域进行实地走访调研,对两个村域内的种植、养殖和人居生活等污染源进行分类调查,应用输出系数法和等标污染负荷法对污染负荷进行估算。【结果】谭家湾流域农业面源污染实际产生量由2015年的162.32 t降低至2020年的27.79 t,等标污染负荷总量由62.44 m³下降至21.14 m³,主导污染源由土地利用转变为畜禽养殖。流域内总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和化学需氧量（COD）的年负荷总量分别为5.56、0.86和21.37 t。各类污染源的贡献率表现为：畜禽养殖>土地利用>农村生活,其中生猪养殖的TN、TP和COD负荷量分别占流域负荷总量的50.91%、64.20%和46.66%,是该地区最重要的污染源。TN是流域内最主要的农业面源物,其污染等标负荷占负荷总量的52.6%,其次为TP,污染负荷率为40.7%,COD的等标污染负荷率最小为6.7%。环境污染风险评价结果显示,流域内畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值为0.489,分级级数为Ⅱ,对环境构成污染的威胁为“稍有”,流域养殖总量在现有基础上还有10 815头猪当量的扩增空间。【结论】2015年以来,流域农业面源污染强度显著降低,保持合理的禽养殖规模,同时做好污染物消减措施,对促进丹江口库区典型流域农业面源污染持续减排具有重要意义。

关键词: 丹江口水源涵养区, 农业面源污染, 输出系数法, 等标污染负荷, 典型小流域

Abstract:

【Objective】The investigation and analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution status in typical small watershed of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area were conducted to parse the pollution load and pollution sources of non-point agricultural sources in this area, so as to provide the reference for formulating targeted prevention and promoting the green development of agriculture. 【Method】Field visits were carried out through questionnaire survey in the Tanjiawan watershed, and the pollution sources, such as planting, breeding and living, were classified in two villages. Meanwhile, the pollution load was estimated according to the export coefficient method approach and the equivalent standard pollution load method. 【Result】The results showed that: the actual load of agricultural non-point source pollution in Tanjiaban watershed decreased from 162.32 t in 2015 to 27.79 t in 2020, the total equivalent standard pollution load decreased from 62.44 m³ to 21.14 m³, and the dominant source of pollution changed from land utilization to livestock and poultry breeding. The total annual loads of TN, TP and COD of agricultural non-point source pollution in the watershed were 5.56, 0.86 and 21.37 t, respectively. The contribution of different pollution sources were found in the following order: livestock and poultry breeding > land utilization > rural life. TN, TP and COD load of pig breeding accounted for 50.91%, 64.20% and 46.66% of the total load of the watershed, respectively, making it the most important source of pollution in the region. TN was the most important non-point agricultural source in the watershed, and its equivalent standard pollution load accounted for 52.6% of the total load, followed by TP, with a pollution load rate of 40.7%, and the minimum equivalent standard pollution load rate of COD was 6.7%. According to the result of environmental pollution risk assessment, the alarm value of livestock and poultry manure load in Tanjiawan watershed was 0.489 and the risk level wasⅡ, indicating the environmental pollution was "slightly". There was still room for expansion of 10 815 pig’s equivalent on the basis of the current total amount of cultivation in the watershed. Since 2015, the intensity of non-point agricultural source pollution in Tanjiawan watershed has been reduced significantly. 【Conclusion】It was of great significance to keep a reasonable amount of livestock and poultry breeding, and to take some effective measures to promote the sustainable emission reduction of non-point agricultural source pollution in the typical watershed of the Danjiangkou Reservoir area.

Key words: Danjiangkou water conservation area, agricultural non-point source pollution, export coefficient method approach, equivalent standard pollution load, typical small watershed

龚世飞,丁武汉,居学海,肖能武,叶青松,黄进,李虎. 典型农业小流域面源污染源解析与控制策略——以丹江口水源涵养区为例[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(18): 3919-3931.

GONG ShiFei,DING WuHan,JU XueHai,XIAO NengWu,YE QingSong,HUANG Jin,LI Hu. Source Analysis and Control Strategies of Non-Point Source Pollution in Typical Agricultural Small Watershed: A Case Study of Danjiangkou Water Conservation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(18): 3919-3931.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.011

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污染源 Pollutant source		污染管控及处理措施 Pollution control and disposal measure	污染物 Pollutant
污染源 Pollutant source		污染管控及处理措施 Pollution control and disposal measure	TN	TP	COD
每人生活污水 Rural sewage per person (kg·a^-1)		常规排放 Conventional emission	0.57	0.058	23.36
		有水冲厕 Aqua privies	2.04	0.45	13.87
		无水冲厕 Dry latrine	0.26	0.04	6.28
土地利用 Land use type (kg·hm^-2·a^-1)	旱地 Dry land	常规管理 Regular management	25.56	1.79	18.00
	旱地 Dry land	保护性耕作、化肥农药等比例减量替代 Conservation tillage、Fertilizer, pesticide and other proportional reduction replacement	3.77	0.38	5.92
	林地 Woodland	常规管理 Routine management	3.05	0.16	32.50
	林地 Woodland	生草覆盖 Grass coverage	0.69	0.08	3.37
	园地 Garden	常规管理 Normal management	10.21	1.08	24.50
	园地 Garden	保护性耕作、化肥农药等比例减量替代 Conservation tillage、Fertilizer, pesticide and other proportional reduction replacement	4.56	0.53	2.84
单个畜禽养殖 A single livestock and poultry breeding (kg·a^-1)	猪 Pig	水冲清粪 Water nightsoil	0.49	0.08	4.91
	猪 Pig	干清粪 Dry nightsoil	0.33	0.06	1.09
	牛 Cow	干清粪 Dry nightsoil	1.17	0.03	7.96
	牛 Cow	垫草垫料 Grass breeding	0	0	0
	家禽 Poultry	水冲清粪 Water nightsoil	0.012	0.015	0.275
	家禽 Poultry	干清粪 Dry nightsoil	0.004	0.007	0.120
	羊 Sheep	干清粪 Dry nightsoil	0.230	0.045	0.440
	羊 Sheep	垫草垫料 Grass breeding	0	0	0

行政村 Villages	常住人口 Resident population		养殖规模 Farming scale (头/只)				耕地面积 Agricultural acreage (hm²)
行政村 Villages	户数(户) Households	人口(人) Population	猪 Pig	牛 Cow	羊 Sheep	家禽 Poultry	旱地 Dry land	林地 Woodland	园地 Garden
五道岭 Wudaoling	435	685	283	210	525	3117	141.26	980.67	38.67
圩坪寺 Weipingsi	386	579	8231	67	212	2649	106.52	904.00	18.67
合计 Total	821	1264	8514	277	737	5766	247.78	1884.67	57.34

行政村 Village	污染物 Pollutant	农村生活 Rural life (t·a^-1)	畜禽养殖 Livestock and poultry breeding (t·a^-1)				土地利用类型 Land use type (t·a^-1)			合计 Total (t·a^-1)	贡献率 Percent (%)
行政村 Village	污染物 Pollutant	农村生活 Rural life (t·a^-1)	猪 Pig	牛 Cow	羊 Sheep	家禽 Poultry	旱地 Dry land	林地 Woodland	园地 Garden	合计 Total (t·a^-1)	贡献率 Percent (%)
五道岭 Wudaoling	TN	0.14	0.09	-	-	0.01	0.53	0.68	0.18	1.63	29.33
	TP	0.03	0.02	-	-	0.02	0.05	0.08	0.02	0.22	25.35
	COD	1.89	0.31	-	-	0.37	0.84	3.30	0.11	6.82	31.91
圩坪寺 Weipingsi	TN	0.10	2.72	-	-	0.01	0.40	0.62	0.08	3.93	70.67
	TP	0.02	0.49	-	-	0.02	0.04	0.07	0.00	0.64	74.65
	COD	1.53	8.97	-	-	0.32	0.63	3.05	0.05	14.55	68.09
合计 Total (t·a^-1)	TN	0.24	2.81	-	-	0.02	0.93	1.30	0.26	5.56	100.00
	TP	0.05	0.51	-	-	0.04	0.09	0.15	0.02	0.86	100.00
	COD	3.42	9.28	-	-	0.69	1.47	6.35	0.16	21.37	100.00
贡献率 Percent (%)	TN	4.34	50.55	-	-	0.36	16.71	23.36	4.67	100.00
	TP	5.45	59.53	-	-	4.67	10.51	17.51	2.33	100.00
	COD	16.00	43.43	-	-	3.23	6.88	29.72	0.75	100.00

年份 Year	污染物 Pollutant	农村生活 Rural life (t·a^-1)	畜禽养殖 Livestock and poultry breeding (t·a^-1)				土地利用类型 Land use type (t·a^-1)			合计 Total (t·a^-1)
年份 Year	污染物 Pollutant	农村生活 Rural life (t·a^-1)	猪 Pig	牛 Cow	羊 Sheep	家禽 Poultry	旱地 Dry land	林地 Woodland	园地 Garden	合计 Total (t·a^-1)
2015	TN	0.72	4.17	0.33	0.17	0.07	6.33	5.75	0.59	18.12
	TP	0.07	0.68	0.00	0.02	0.09	0.44	0.30	0.06	1.67
	COD	29.53	41.80	2.18	0.32	1.59	4.46	61.25	1.40	142.53
2020	TN	0.24	2.81	-	-	0.02	0.93	1.30	0.26	5.56
	TP	0.05	0.51	-	-	0.04	0.09	0.15	0.02	0.86
	COD	3.42	9.28	-	-	0.69	1.47	6.35	0.16	21.37

污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	行政村Village		污染源 Pollutant source			P_in(m³·a^-1)	K_in
污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	五道岭 Wudaoling	圩坪寺 Weipingsi	农村生活 Rural life	畜禽养殖 Livestock and poultry breeding	土地利用 Land utilization	P_in(m³·a^-1)	K_in
TN	P_1i(m³)	3.26	7.86	0.480	5.660	4.980	11.12
TN	K_1i	0.29	0.71	0.043	0.509	0.448		0.526
TP	P_1i(m³)	2.20	6.40	0.500	5.500	2.600	8.60
TP	K_1i	0.26	0.74	0.058	0.640	0.302		0.407
COD	P_1i(m³)	0.45	0.97	0.230	0.660	0.530	1.42
COD	K_1i	0.32	0.68	0.161	0.465	0.375		0.067
	P_nj(m³·a^-1)	5.91	15.23	1.208	11.820	8.112	P=21.14
	K_nj	0.28	0.72	0.057	0.559	0.384	P=21.14