基于国家粮食安全下的农业面源污染综合防治体系思考

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确我国粮食安全下的农业面源污染态势,提出农业面源污染防治技术体系与综合防治体系。【方法】从粮食产量、化肥施用量、人均粮食占有量、单位面积化肥施肥量、化肥生产效率的国家比较,氮肥施用量的环境风险与产量风险判定,省域尺度下的化肥施用量及面源污染风险分析等方面分析了我国粮食生产和化肥施用情况;从两次全国污染普查比较分析了国家面源污染减排成效,从农业污染源排放总量及其占比、农业面源污染减排空间（养殖业、种植业、氮肥减量和节约粮食）分析了我国农业面源污染减排趋势。在此基础上,构建了基于粮食安全下的农业面源污染防治技术体系,提出了农业面源污染综合防治体系。【结果】（1）我国人均粮食占有量2008年超过400.0 kg、2012年超过450.0 kg和2019年达到475.0 kg,国家粮食安全保障水平提高很大,为农业面源污染防治提供了重要保障。（2）国家尺度上的农田氮肥施用量近年来逐渐降低,2019年降低为161.1 kg·hm^-2,处于合理区间的下沿,但局部施肥超量与不足应予以重视。（3）全国尺度下的氮肥施用量160.0—170.0 kg·hm^-2能够保障人均粮食占有量450.0—500.0 kg的较高水平。（4）我国农业面源污染减排方案,首先是畜禽粪便全部还田利用,养殖污染排放量基本趋零,基本消除农业面源Ⅴ类水体;其次种植业总氮（TN）排放量降低至4.0×10⁵—4.5×10⁵t,总磷（TP）排放量降低至4.0×10⁴—5.0×10⁴t;三是节约粮食和减少农产品浪费能为农田减肥、减排、去压、休养和粮食安全创造了更有利的条件。农业面源污染防治技术体系的核心是适宜施肥、土壤保育和作物生产,提高要素质量和协调关系,形成适合地域的农作制度,并开展推广应用。【结论】农业面源污染综合防治体系是由科学家、农业生产者和政府构成的三位一体和协同合作整体,调动科学家能动性,激发农业生产者的积极性以及发挥政府的职能,实现国家粮食和环境双安全发展目标。

关键词: 粮食安全, 农业面源污染, 综合防治体系, 技术体系, 国家尺度

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this study, in view of food security (FS) in China, the situation of non-point source pollution (NPS) was clearly showed, and NPS technical system and NPS comprehensive prevention and control system were proposed. 【Method】 The grain production and fertilizer application among main nations were compared, including total grain output and fertilizer application, per capita grain and per hectare fertilizer application, ration of fertilizer application and grain productive capacity. Meanwhile, the ration of nitrogen fertilizer and it’s judgment and ration of nitrogen fertilizer based on provincial scale were analyzed, and NPS reduction effects according to two national pollution censuses, trends of NPS reduction in China were deeply investigated, including total amounts and it’s proportion, NPS reduction potential (stockbreeding, plantation, nitrogen reduction and food saving). Based on FS the NPS technical system was constructed, and NPS comprehensive prevention and control system was proposed. 【Result】 (1) The per capita grain was more than 400 kg in 2008, more than 450.0 kg in 2012 and 475.0 kg in 2019 in China, indicating a higher FS created a key safeguard for NPS. (2) The ration of nitrogen application was not high and decreased on national scale, which was 161.1 kg·hm^-2in 2019 and lay low side of reasonable range. The excessive and inadequate application should be paid attention. (3) At the national scale, the ration of nitrogen fertilizer application 160.0-170.0 kg·hm^-2could safeguard per capita grain 450.0-500.0 kg in the future. (4) NPS reduction scheme: firstly, the dung should be all returned to field, and the pollutant emission should be close to zero, and the Ⅴ class water from NPS should be basically eliminated. Secondly, TN and TP emission from plantation should be reduced to 4.0×10⁵-4.5×10⁵t and 4.0×10⁴-5.0×10⁴t, respectively. Thirdly, the saving food and decreasing food waste could create the favorable condition for field fertilizer, emission and stress reduction, rehabilitation and FS. The key elements of NPS technical system based on FS were suitable fertilizer application, soil conservation and crop production, and a good and harmonious system should set up by agricultural machinery, farmland irrigation and water conservancy, clean stockbreeding, intelligence techniques, standards, laws and regulations to form farming system with local and watershed characters, then which had an extensive application. 【Conclusion】 NPS comprehensive prevention and control system was composed of scientists, agricultural producers and government to form the trinity, which should motivate scientist initiative, agricultural producer enthusiasm and government functions to carry out the double security of national food and environment in China in the future.

Key words: food security, non-point source pollution, comprehensive prevention and control system, technical system, national scale

杨世琦. 基于国家粮食安全下的农业面源污染综合防治体系思考[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(17): 3380-3394.

YANG ShiQi. Thought of Pollution Comprehensive Prevention and Control System of Non-Point Sources Based on National Food Security[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3380-3394.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I17/3380

图/表 8

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表1

表2

省域尺度下的氮肥磷肥施用量,氮肥、磷肥和肥料生产效率及面源污染风险"

区域 Region	省（市、区） Province	氮肥施用量 Nitrogen fertilizer application rate (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥施用量 Phosphorus fertilizer application rate (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥生产效率 Nitrogen fertilizer productive efficiency	磷肥生产效率 Phosphorus fertilizer productive efficiency	肥料生产效率 Fertilizer productive efficiency	面源污染风险 Risk of NPS
	全国 China	161.1	85.9	24.8	46.6	12.3	总体安全,局部风险 Security in general and risk in local
华北地区 North China	北京Beijing	372.5	158.0	8.7	20.6	4.6	++
	天津Tianjin	192.5	109.7	28.3	49.6	13.8	++OOO
	河北Hebei	190.5	88.3	24.1	52.1	12.6	OO
	山西Shanxi	127.6	92.4	30.3	41.8	12.6	O+OOO
	内蒙古Neimenggu	123.3	72.6	33.3	56.6	16.7	OOOOO
东北地区 Northeast China	辽宁Liaoning	175.2	76.3	32.9	75.5	17.4	+OOOO
	吉林Jilin	171.4	93.9	37.0	67.5	17.1	++OOO
	黑龙江Heilongjiang	66.5	46.9	76.4	108.3	33.6	OOOOO
华东地区 East China	上海Shanghai	165.8	62.5	22.1	58.7	12.8	+OO+O
	江苏Jiangsu	232.5	86.3	21.4	57.7	12.9	OO
	浙江Zhejiang	216.0	78.0	13.7	38.0	8.2	+O
	安徽Anhui	159.8	89.4	28.9	51.6	13.6	OOOOO
	福建Fujian	313.5	157.2	9.9	19.7	4.6	++
	江西Jiangxi	87.3	60.9	44.8	64.2	18.7	OOOOO
	山东Shandong	171.6	97.3	28.6	50.4	13.6	++OOO
华中地区 Middle China	河南Henan	204.3	136.1	22.3	33.4	10.0	++
	湖北Hubei	176.4	97.4	19.8	35.8	9.9	++
	湖南Hunan	137.8	63.0	26.6	58.1	13.0	OOOOO
华南地区 South China	广东Guangdong	251.4	114.0	11.3	25.0	5.5	++
	广西Guangxi	174.2	101.9	12.8	21.8	5.3	++
	海南Hainan	310.1	148.9	6.9	14.4	3.1	++
西南地区Southwest China	重庆Chongqing	157.4	73.4	20.4	43.8	11.7	OO
	四川Sichuan	128.1	64.1	28.2	56.3	15.7	OOOOO
	贵州Guizhou	83.6	35.8	23.0	53.6	12.6	OO+OO
	云南Yunnan	167.8	66.5	16.1	40.5	9.2	+O
	西藏Xizang	83.5	54.0	45.8	70.8	21.6	OOOOO
西北地区Northwest China	陕西Shaanxi	260.4	107.9	11.4	27.6	6.1	++
	甘肃Gansu	105.7	62.1	28.7	48.8	14.4	OOOOO
	青海Qinghai	61.4	32.5	31.0	58.6	17.0	OOOOO
	宁夏Ningxia	185.3	79.5	17.5	40.7	9.7	+O
	新疆Xinjiang	210.5	137.5	11.8	18.0	5.9	++

表2

表3

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图5

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	Ⅰ区 Grade Ⅰ	Ⅱ区 Grade Ⅱ	Ⅲ区 Grade Ⅲ	Ⅳ区 Grade Ⅳ
氮肥施用量 (N) Nitrogen fertilizer application rate	<150.0 kg·hm^-2	150.0—180.0 kg·hm^-2	180.0—250.0 kg·hm^-2	>250.0 kg·hm^-2
环境风险 Environment risk	无 Risk free	可接受、可忽略 Acceptable and ignorable	可接受、轻微影响 Acceptable and slight effects	接受度低,需防治 Low acceptable and need control
产量风险 Output risk	有 At risk	无 Risk free	无 Risk free	无 Risk free
人均粮食占有量 Grain per capita	<400.0 kg	450.0—500.0 kg	500.0—550.0 kg	550.0—600.0 kg
磷肥施用量(P₂O₅) Phosphorus fertilizer application rate	<80.0 kg·hm^-2	80.0—100.0 kg·hm^-2	100.0—150.0 kg·hm^-2	>150.0 kg·hm^-2
环境风险 Environment risk	无 Risk free	可接受、可忽略 Acceptable and ignorable	可接受、轻微影响 Acceptable and slight effects	接受度低,需防治 Low acceptable and need control
产量风险 Output risk	有 At risk	无 Risk free	无 Risk free	无 Risk free
人均粮食占有量 Grain per capita	<400.0 kg	450.0—500.0 kg	500.0—550.0 kg	550.0—600.0 kg
含义 Meaning	环境安全但粮食风险 Environment security and food risk	粮食安全与环境安全 Food and environment security	粮食安全与环境安全 Food and environment security	粮食安全但环境风险 Food security and environment risk

污染源类型 Pollutant source	排放 Discharge
污染源类型 Pollutant source	2007 (×10⁴t)	2007年分项占比 Ratio of subitem in 2007 (%)	2017 (×10⁴t)	2017年分项占比 Ratio of subitem in 2017(%)	2017年与2007年增减 Compare to 2007, increase or decrease ration in 2017(%)
COD排放量 COD discharge	3028.96	—	2143.98	—	-29.2
农业源Agriculture source	1324.09	43.7	1067.13	49.3	-19.4
养殖业Livestock	1268.26	95.8	1000.53	93.8	-21.1
水产养殖业Aquaculture	55.83	4.2	66.6	6.2	19.3
TN排放量 TN discharge	472.89	—	304.13	—	-35.7
农业源Agriculture source	270.46	57.2	141.49	46.5	-47.7
种植业Farming	159.78	59.1	71.95	50.9	-55.5
养殖业Livestock	102.48	37.9	59.63	42.149	-41.8
水产养殖业Aquaculture	8.21	3.0	9.91	7.009	20.7
TP排放量 TP discharge	42.32	—	31.54	—	-25.5
农业源Agriculture source	28.47	67.3	21.2	67.229	-25.5
种植业Farming	10.87	38.2	7.62	35.949	-29.9
养殖业Livestock	16.04	56.3	11.97	56.5	-25.4
水产养殖业Aquaculture	1.56	5.48	1.61	7.59	3.21