渭北旱塬豆科绿肥提高冬小麦籽粒锌的效应与影响因素研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对渭北旱塬石灰性土壤有效锌含量低,小麦籽粒锌含量不高的问题,研究不同豆科绿肥轮作对小麦籽粒锌的作用,揭示其提高小麦籽粒锌含量的影响因素,为改善居民锌摄入水平提供思路及实践依据。【方法】2016—2017年在永寿和长武两地开展田间试验,完全随机区组设计。永寿试验地处理为休闲-小麦、黑麦豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦3种处理;长武试验地为休闲-小麦、怀豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦3种处理。采集永寿、长武两地的绿肥、小麦和土壤样品进行分析。【结果】与休闲相比,永寿各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作的小麦各器官生物量显著降低了19.2%—38.3%;长武各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作显著减少了小麦茎叶、颖壳生物量,降幅为19.9%—33.2%。永寿黑麦豆—小麦和长武怀豆—小麦轮作较休闲显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量,分别增加了14.2%和18.6%。黑麦豆—小麦、怀豆—小麦轮作对小麦的增锌作用一定程度上补偿了减产对小麦锌累积量的影响,长武怀豆—小麦轮作的小麦各器官及地上部锌累积量与休闲无显著差异。小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥的锌吸收量呈显著正相关关系,豆科绿肥锌吸收量每增加1.0 g·hm ^-2,小麦籽粒锌含量增加0.23 mg·kg ^-1。黑麦豆、怀豆的锌、氮吸收量相对较高,C/N较绿豆分别低了18.6%和20.4%。黑麦豆—小麦、怀豆—小麦轮作较休闲在小麦收获期显著提高了土壤硝态氮含量,增幅分别为36.7%和69.1%。豆科绿肥—小麦轮作在小麦生长过程中对土壤DTPA-Zn含量基本无显著影响。【结论】黑麦豆、怀豆两种豆科绿肥因自身比较高的锌、氮吸收量以及较低的C/N,可显著提高后茬小麦籽粒锌含量。同时绿肥自身富集锌的能力可作为筛选小麦适宜增锌绿肥品种的依据。总之,豆科绿肥—小麦轮作模式是提高小麦籽粒锌含量,改善居民膳食锌摄入的有效生物强化手段。

关键词: 渭北旱塬, 豆科绿肥, 轮作, 冬小麦, 籽粒, 锌含量

Abstract:

【Objective】Weibei Highland is one of important winter wheat production areas in northwest China, where Zn concentration in wheat grain are generally low due to soil bioavailable Zn deficiency. So we decided to study leguminous green manure-wheat rotations whether could improve wheat Zn concentration in different regions of Weibei Highland, and to explore the factors affecting wheat Zn biofortification by leguminous green manure-wheat rotations.【Method】Two field experiments were carried out during 2016-2017 cropping seasons in Yongshou and Changwu with a completely randomized block design. There were three main treatments: Summer fallow-wheat (FW) as CK, black kidney bean-wheat (KW) and mung bean-wheat (MW) in Yongshou; Summer fallow-wheat (FW) as CK, huai bean-wheat (HW) and mung bean-wheat (MW) in Changwu. Plant samples of legumes, wheat and 0-20 cm soil samples at different wheat growing stages were collected for chemical analysis. 【Result】 In Yongshou, compare with FW, wheat grain yield and biomass were decreased by 19.2%-38.3% under leguminous green manure-wheat rotations,. In Changwu, leguminous green manure-wheat rotations did not significantly reduce wheat grain yield, but reduced wheat glumes and straw biomass by 19.9%-33.2%. KW rotation in Yongshou and HW rotation in Changwu significantly increased grain Zn concentration by 14.2% and 18.6%, respectively, which partially compensated the potential reduction of wheat grain Zn export and aboveground shoot Zn uptake by increasing Zn concentrations of wheat grain and straw Zn concentration due to the shrink of wheat yield and biomass. There was no significant difference of wheat Zn uptake between HW and FW treatments in Changwu. Wheat grain Zn concentration was positively correlated with leguminous manure shoot Zn uptake. Wheat grain Zn concentration increases 0.23 mg·kg ^-1 when green manure shoot Zn uptake increases 1.0 g·hm ^-2, correspondingly. Besides, the Zn, N content of black kidney bean and huai bean were both higher than that of mung bean. Moreover, compared with mung bean, C/N of black kidney bean and huai bean were lower by 18.6% and 20.4%, respectively. At wheat maturity stage, soil nitrate of KW and HW rotations were both higher than that of FW by 36.7% and 69.1%, respectively. Leguminous green manure-wheat rotations had rarely significant effect on soil DTPA-Zn concentration during the growth of wheat.【Conclusion】Relatively higher Zn and N content and lower in C/N of black kidney bean and huai bean made them more readily improved subsequently wheat Zn uptake and accumulation than that of mung bean. The positive correlation between wheat grain Zn concentration and leguminous green manure shoot Zn uptake could be the guidance for screening and optimizing green manure varieties for wheat Zn biofortification. Therefore, leguminous green manure-wheat rotations could be an effective biofortification method to enhance wheat Zn nutrition for residents which suffered from Zn deficiency.

Key words: Weibei highland, leguminous green manure, rotation, winter wheat, grain, Zn concentration

刘苡轩,黄冬琳,刘娜,姚致远,尹丹,蒙元永,赵护兵,高亚军,王朝辉. 渭北旱塬豆科绿肥提高冬小麦籽粒锌的效应与影响因素研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(21): 4030-4039.

YiXuan LIU,DongLin HUANG,Na LIU,ZhiYuan YAO,Dan YIN,YuanYong MENG,HuBing ZHAO,YaYun GAO,ZhaoHui WANG. The Increasing Effect and Influencing Factors of Leguminous Green Manure on Wheat Grain Zn in Weibei Highland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(21): 4030-4039.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I21/4030

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

图2

表3

表4

图3

表5

参考文献 36

[1]	黄秋婵, 韦友欢, 石景芳 . 微量元素锌对人体健康的生理效应及其防治途径. 微量元素与健康研究, 2009,26(1):68-70.
	HUANG Q C, WEI Y H, SHI J F . The physiological effects of zinc trace elements on the human health and its measures of preventing. Studies of Trace Elements & Health, 2009,26(1):68-70. (in Chinese)
[2]	KING J C, BROWN K H, GIBSON R S, KREBS N F, LOWE N M, SIEKMANN J H, RAITEN D J . Biomarkers of nutrition for development (bond)-zinc review. Journal of Nutrition, 2016,146(4):858-885. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.220079 pmid: 26962190
[3]	欧阳红, 何尤琥 . 缺锌对健康的危害及补锌过程中应注意的问题. 广东微量元素科学, 2001,8(12):8-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-446X.2001.12.002
	OUYANG H, HE Y H . Harm of zinc deficiency to health and problems during replenishment of zinc. Guangdong Trace Elements Science. 2001,8(12):8-11. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-446X.2001.12.002
[4]	GIBSON R S . Zinc deficiency and human health: Etiology, health consequences, and future solutions. Plant and Soil, 2012,361(1/2):291-299. doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1209-4
[5]	CAKMAK I . Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil, 2008,302(1/2):1-17. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9466-3
[6]	李可懿, 王朝辉, 赵护兵, 赵娜, 高亚军, LYONS G . 黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2011,29(2):110-116.
	LI K Y, WANG Z H, ZHAO H B, ZHAO N, GAO Y J, LYONS G . Effect of rotation with legumes and N fertilization on yield and grain nutrient contents of wheat in dryland of the Loess Plateau. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2011,29(2):110-116. (in Chinese)
[7]	YANG N, WANG Z H, GAO Y J, ZHAO H B, LI K Y, LI F C, MALHI S S . Effects of planting soybean in summer fallow on wheat grain yield, total N and Zn in grain and available N and Zn in soil on the loess plateau of China. European Journal of Agronomy, 2014,58(1):63-72. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2014.05.002
[8]	李孟华, 王朝辉, 王建伟, 毛晖, 戴健, 李强, 邹春琴 . 低锌旱地施锌方式对小麦产量和锌利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013,19(6):1346-1355. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2013.0608
	LI M H, WANG Z H, WANG J W, MAO H, DAI J, LI Q, ZOU C Q . Effect of Zn application methods on wheat grain yield and Zn utilization in Zn-deficient soils of dryland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2013,19(6):1346-1355. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2013.0608
[9]	曹玉贤, 田霄鸿, 杨习文, 陆欣春, 南雄雄 . 小麦和小黑麦籽粒的营养品质及其相关性分析. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2010,38(1):104-110.
	CAO Y X, TIAN X H, YANG X W, LU X C, NAN X X . Variation of nutritional quality and their relationships in wheat and triticale grain. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition), 2010,38(1):104-110. (in Chinese)
[10]	YILMAZ A, EKIZ H, TORUN B, GÜLTEKIN I, KARANLIK S, BAGCI S A, CAKMAK I . Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat cultivars grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1997,20(4/5):461-471. doi: 10.1080/01904169709365267
[11]	CAKMAK I, KALAYCI M, KAYA Y, TORUN A A, AYDIN N, WANG Y, ARISOY Z, ERDEM H, YAZICI A, GOKMEN O, OZTURK L, HORST W J . Biofortification and localization of zinc in wheat grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010,58(16):9092-9102. doi: 10.1021/jf101197h
[12]	曹玉贤, 田霄鸿, 杨习文, 陆欣春, 陈辉林, 南雄雄, 李秀丽 . 土施和喷施锌肥对冬小麦子粒锌含量及生物有效性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010,16(6):1394-1401. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2010.0614
	CAO Y X, TIAN X H, YANG X W, LU X C, CHEN H L, NAN X X, LI X L . Effects of soil and foliar applications of Zn on winter wheat grain Zn concentration and bioavailability. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010,16(6):1394-1401. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2010.0614
[13]	张达斌 . 黄土高原地区种植豆科绿肥协调土壤水分和氮素供应的效应及机理[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.
	ZHANG D B . Effects of leguminous green manure on soil water and nitrogen supply and its mechanism in the Loess Plateau[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2016. ( in Chinese)
[14]	萧道庸 . 中国古代耕作与施肥辑要. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2014: 328-338.
	XIAO D Y. The Introduction of Tillage and Fertilization in Ancient China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2014: 328-338. (in Chinese)
[15]	SINGH A, SHIVAY Y S . Residual effect of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilization on quality and Zn concentration of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under a Basmati rice-durum wheat cropping system. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 2013,29(4):271-287. doi: 10.1080/01448765.2013.832381
[16]	SOLTANI S, KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, AFYUNI M, SHRIVANI M, SCHULIN R . The effect of preceding crop on wheat grain zinc concentration and its relationship to total amino acids and dissolved organic carbon in rhizosphere soil solution. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2013,50(2):239-247. doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0851-1
[17]	HABIBY H, AFYUNI M, KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, SCHULIN R . Effect of preceding crops and their residues on availability of zinc in a calcareous Zn-deficient soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014,50(7):1061-1067. doi: 10.1007/s00374-014-0926-7
[18]	KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, NOROUZI M, AFYUNI M, SCHULIN R . Zinc biofortification of wheat through preceding crop residue incorporation into the soil. European Journal of Agronomy, 2017,89:131-139. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2017.05.006
[19]	靳静静, 王朝辉, 戴健, 王森, 高雅洁, 曹寒冰, 于荣 . 长期不同氮、磷用量对冬小麦籽粒锌含量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20(6):1358-1367. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0605
	JIN J J, WANG Z H, DAI J, WANG S, GAO Y J, CAO H B, YU R . Effects of long-term N and P fertilization with different rates on Zn concentration in grain of winter wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014,20(6):1358-1367. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0605
[20]	XUE Y F, YUE S C, ZHANG Y Q, CUI Z L, CHEN X P, YANG F C, CAKMAK I, MCGRATH S P, ZHANG F S, ZOU C Q . Grain and shoot zinc accumulation in winter wheat affected by nitrogen management. Plant and Soil, 2012,361(1/2):153-163. doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1510-2
[21]	ZHANG W, LIU D, LI C, CUI Z L, CHEN X P, RUSSELL Y, ZOU C Q . Zinc accumulation and remobilization in winter wheat as affected by phosphorus application. Field Crops Research, 2015,184(6):155-161. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.002
[22]	赵娜, 赵护兵, 鱼昌为, 曹群虎, 李敏, 曹卫东, 高亚军 . 旱地豆科绿肥腐解及养分释放动态研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011,17(5):1179-1187. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0205
	ZHAO N, ZHAO H B, YU C W, CAO Q H, LI M, CAO W D, GAO Y J . Nutrient releases of leguminous green manures in rainfed lands. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011,17(5):1179-1187. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0205
[23]	潘福霞, 鲁剑巍, 刘威, 耿明建, 李小坤, 曹卫东 . 三种不同绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011,17(1):216-223. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0130
	PAN F X, LU J W, LIU W, GENG M J, LI X K, CAO W D . Study on characteristics of decomposing and nutrients releasing of three kinds of green manure crops. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011,17(1):216-223. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2011.0130
[24]	ANDREW E J . Influence of low molecular weight organic acids on zinc distribution within micronutrient pools and zinc uptake by wheat1. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1991,14(12):1307-1318. doi: 10.1080/01904169109364287
[25]	GRÜTER R, MEISTER A, SCHULIN R, TANDY S . Green manure effects on zinc and cadmium accumulation in wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) on high and low zinc soils. Plant and Soil, 2018,422(1/2):437-453. doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3486-4
[26]	TARIQ M, HAMEED S, MALIK K A, HAFEEZ F Y . Plant root associated bacteria for zinc mobilization in rice. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2007,39(1):245-253.
[27]	芦小军, 李博文, 杨卓, 贾莹, 李术娜 . 微生物对土壤Cd Pb和Zn生物有效性的影响研究. 农业环境科学学报, 2010,29(7):1315-1319.
	LU X J, LI B W, YANG Z, JIA Y, LI S N . Effects of microorganisms on the bioavailability of cadmium, lead and zinc in soil. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010,29(7):1315-1319. (in Chinese)
[28]	王浩, 马艳明, 李增嘉, 赵春, 宁堂原, 焦念元 . 不同土壤类型对优质小麦品质及产量的影响. 新疆农业大学学报, 2005,24(3):17-20.
	WANG H, MA Y M, LI Z J, ZHAO C, NING T Y, JIAO N Y . Effect of different soil types on quality traits and grain yield of the high-quality wheat. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2005,24(3):17-20. (in Chinese)
[29]	居辉, 熊伟, 许吟隆, 林而达 . 气候变化对我国小麦产量的影响. 作物学报, 2005,31(10):1340-1343.
	JU H, XIONG W, XU Y L, LIN E D . Impacts of climate change on wheat yield in China. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2005,31(10):1340-1343. (in Chinese)
[30]	丁婷婷 . 土壤各形态锌对DTPA-Zn的贡献量及土壤供锌能力的影响[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.
	DING T T . Contribution of zinc fractions to DTPA-Zn and zinc supply capacity[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2016. ( in Chinese)
[31]	贺建群, 许嘉琳 . 土壤中有效态Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb提取剂的选择. 农业环境保护, 1994,13(6):246-251.
	HE J Q, XU J L . Study of the extractents for available Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in soils. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1994,13(6):246-251. (in Chinese)
[32]	贾舟, 陈艳龙, 赵爱青, 刘娟花, 李萌, 王少霞, 刘珂, 田霄鸿 . 硫酸锌和EDTA-Zn不同施用方法对第二季小麦籽粒锌和壤锌有效性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(6):1595-1602.
	JIA Z, CHEN Y L, ZHAO A Q, LIU J H, LI M, WANG S X, LIU K, TIAN X H . Effects of different application method of ZnSO₄ and EDTA-Zn on wheat grain zinc biofortification and soil zinc availability in the next year. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016,22(6):1595-1602. (in Chinese)
[33]	BERTIN C, YANG X H, WESTON L A . The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 2003,256(1):67-83. doi: 10.1023/A:1026290508166
[34]	CHANTIGNY M H . Dissolved and water-extractable organic matter in soils: A review on the influence of land use and management practices. Geoderma, 2003,113(3):357-380. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00370-1
[35]	ERENOGLU E B, KUTMAN U B, CEYLAN Y, YILDIZ B, CAKMAK I . Improved nitrogen nutrition enhances root uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and remobilization of zinc ((65) Zn) in wheat. New Phytologist, 2011,189(2):438-448 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03488.x pmid: 21029104
[36]	CAKMAK I, KUTMAN U B . Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: A review. European Journal of Soil Science, 2018,69(1):172-180. doi: 10.1111/ejss.12437

地点 Site	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	矿质氮Inorganic nitrogen		DTPA-Zn (mg·kg^-1)	pH
地点 Site	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	NO^3--N (mg·kg^-1)	NH⁴⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	DTPA-Zn (mg·kg^-1)	pH
永寿县Yongshou	12.92	0.82	11.2	134.0	11.9	4.75	0.44	8.5
长武县Changwu	11.80	0.77	4.5	131.9	13.1	2.55	0.33	8.1

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	颖壳生物量 Glume biomass (kg·hm^-2)	茎叶生物量 Stem biomass (kg·hm^-2)	地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	4272a	1373a	5008a	10652a	40.5a
永寿 Yongshou	黑麦豆—小麦KW	3053b	854b	3092b	6999b	43.8a
	绿豆—小麦MW	3452b*	984 ab*	3698b*	8135b*	42.5a
	平均Mean	3592	1070	3933	8595	42.3
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	2624a	967a	3444a	7036a	37.3a
长武 Changwu	怀豆—小麦HW	2291a	759b	2583b	5633b	40.6a
	绿豆—小麦MW	2246a	646b	2547b	5458b	40.9a
	平均Mean	2387	791	2858	6042	39.6

地点 Site	处理 Treatments	锌累积量 Zn content (g·hm^-2)				锌收获指数 Zn harvest index (%)
地点 Site	处理 Treatments	籽粒 Grain	颖壳 Glume	茎叶 Stem	地上部 Shoot	锌收获指数 Zn harvest index (%)
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	92.3a	6.0a	25.7a	124.0a	74.8a
永寿 Yongshou	黑麦豆—小麦KW	71.0c	4.8a	17.9a	93.8c	75.7a
	绿豆—小麦MW	78.3b*	5.7a*	24.3a*	108.3b*	72.3a
	平均Mean	80.5	5.5	22.7	108.7	74.3
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	40.8a	4.1a	9.9a	54.9a	74.5a
长武 Changwu	怀豆—小麦KW	42.6a	3.7a	11.0a	57.3a	74.3a
	绿豆—小麦MW	36.9a	2.8a	7.9a	47.6a	77.3a
	平均Mean	40.1	3.5	9.6	53.2	75.4

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	锌含量 Zn concentration (mg·kg^-1)	锌吸收量 Zn uptake (g·hm^-2)	C/N	氮含量 N concentration (g·kg^-1)	氮吸收量 N uptake (kg·hm^-2)
永寿 Yongshou	黑麦豆—小麦KW	1886a	21.9b	41.4a	13.1b	33.5a	63.2a
永寿 Yongshou	绿豆—小麦 MW	1520 b	25.2a*	38.5a*	16.1a	26.0b	39.5b
长武 Changwu	怀豆—小麦 KW	1242a	20.4a	25.4a	13.3b	32.8a	40.8a
长武 Changwu	绿豆—小麦MW	1294a	13.6b	17.7a	16.7a	25.4b	32.7a

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	土壤有效锌含量DTPA-Zn			土壤硝态氮含量NO₃^--N content
地点 Site	处理 Treatment	绿肥翻压前 GMI	小麦播前 SOW	小麦收获期 MAT	小麦播前 SOW	小麦收获期 MAT
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	0.23b	0.23a	0.52a	9.2a	3.0b
永寿 Yongshou	黑麦豆—小麦KW	0.29ab	0.27a	0.44a	8.8a	4.1a
	绿豆—小麦MW	0.30a	0.29a	0.47a	5.0b	3.6ab
	平均Mean	0.28	0.26	0.48	7.7	3.6
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	0.36a	0.34a	0.47a	15.3a	9.7b
长武 Changwu	怀豆—小麦HW	0.35a	0.37a	0.45a	14.6a	16.4a
	绿豆—小麦MW	0.34a	0.39a	0.44a	16.4a*	13.2ab*
	平均Mean	0.35	0.37	0.45	15.4	13.1