播期温度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花出苗率及苗期生长的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】新疆膜下滴灌棉田普遍采用干土播种、滴水出苗技术,将棉花传统漫灌栽培条件下需要兼顾土壤墒情和气温状况转变为仅关注播期温度条件。论文根据棉花播种出苗对气温的要求,选择不同时期不同温度条件下播种,观测膜下滴灌棉花播种出苗及幼苗生长状况,分析播期温度变化对出苗率、苗期生长发育的影响及收获期产量的变化,为膜下滴灌棉花确定播种条件、实现一播全苗和培育壮苗提供理论依据。【方法】通过记载播种前气温及土壤温度的变化,以棉花种子发芽、出苗的生物学下限温度为最早播期,设置3—4个播期,调查不同播期下棉花出苗率,测定苗期株高、子叶节高度等形态指标和植株干物质累积量等,明确不同温度条件下播种对膜下滴灌棉花出苗和壮苗指标的影响。【结果】播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度18.7℃条件下棉花出苗速度快且出苗率最高;与温度较低条件下的早播相比,膜下5 cm土壤温度达24.7℃的晚播棉花出苗期至3叶期植株株高提高3.52%—8.64%、子叶节高度提高8.82%—20.59%、总根长增长1.79%—6.59%、比根长提高14.84%—25.93%;播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度9.5℃早播条件下,根干物质累积量较高、根冠比较大。【结论】棉花播前3 d平均气温稳定通过13.8℃—15.7℃,播后1周气温在16℃—18℃,出苗率可达90%以上;但平均气温在6.7℃—14.1℃、膜下5 cm平均地温9.5℃—17.6℃条件下播种,出苗至3叶期平均气温在18.5℃—19.5℃、有效积温在110℃— 120℃,棉花幼苗单位株高干物质累积量较高,根系生长量大,幼苗健壮,单株结铃多,铃重较高。因此,适温早播为棉花产量形成奠定良好基础。

关键词: 棉花, 膜下土壤温度, 播种期, 出苗率, 幼苗生长

Abstract:

【Objective】Dry soil seeding with drip irrigation are widely used in field cotton in Xinjiang. And only seedling temperature has to be considered under dry soil seedling with drip irrigation. In this paper, according to the temperature requirement of cotton seedling, cotton was sown under different temperature conditions and different sowing dates. The emergence rate, seedling growth condition and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation were observed. The effects of sowing conditions on emergence rate, growth states and development of yield in harvest period were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for cultivating strong seedlings of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.【Method】According to the changes of air temperature and soil temperature, 3-4 sowing dates were set up. The earliest sowing date was based on the biological low temperature for cotton seeds germination and emergence. The morphological indexes, such as emergence rate, seedling height, cotyledon node height and total dry weight, were determined to demonstrate the effects of sowing under different temperature conditions on seedling indexes in cotton.【Result】Under “5 cm deep-18.7℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the germinate rate and emergence rate were the highest. Compared with early sowing at lower temperature treatment, the plant height under “5 cm deep-24.7℃-late sowing” condition was 3.52%-8.64% higher during seedling to three -leaf stage, the height of cotyledon section was 8.82%-20.59% higher, the total root length was 1.79%-6.59% longer, and the root length was 14.84%-25.93% greater. Under “5 cm deep-9.5℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the root dry matter accumulation was higher, and the ratio of root to shoot was the maximum.【Conclusion】Under “5 cm deep-3 days before sowing” condition steady passage 13.8℃-15.7℃, if the average temperature was in 16℃-18℃ after sowing 1 week, the cotton seedling emergence rate could be more than 90%. But if the air temperature was in 6.7℃-14.1℃ under “5 cm deep-9.5℃-17.6℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the average temperature was 18.5℃-19.5℃ and air accumulated temperature was in 110℃-120℃ during the emergence stage to trilobites stage, the unit of cotton seedling dry matter accumulation would be larger with stronger root and increasing boll number and single boll weight. Therefore, earlier sowing could support a good foundation for cotton yield.

Key words: cotton, soil temperature under mulch, sowing date, emergence rate, seedling growth

随龙龙,田景山,姚贺盛,张鹏鹏,梁福斌,王进,张旺锋. 播期温度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花出苗率及苗期生长的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(21): 4040-4051.

LongLong SUI,JingShan TIAN,HeSheng YAO,PengPeng ZHANG,FuBin LIANG,Jin WANG,WangFeng ZHANG. Effects of Different Sowing Dates on Emergence Rates and Seedling Growth of Cotton Under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Xinjiang[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(21): 4040-4051.

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年份 Year	播期名称 Sowing date name	播种日期 Sowing date（M-D）	平均气温 MDT (℃)	最高气温 HT (℃)	最低气温 LT (℃)	土壤平均温度 MST (℃)
2016	第一播期 First sowing date	4-08	14.1±0.30	21.7±2.52	6.9±2.83	17.6±0.49
	第二播期 Second sowing date	4-16	13.8±1.87	18.7±1.72	9.2±3.70	18.4±1.53
	第三播期 Third sowing period	4-22	17.5±0.67	26.2±1.39	8.1±1.11	22.2±1.22
2017	第一播期 First sowing date	4-08	6.7±2.26	11.3±1.19	1.8±3.04	9.5±1.41
	第二播期 Second sowing date	4-12	10.0±1.89	16.2±3.05	3.7±2.66	12.0±2.36
	第三播期 Third sowing period	4-21	15.7±0.68	23.9±2.67	7.5±2.21	18.7±2.30
	第四播期 Fourth sowing date	4-29	17.6±1.54	18.2±2.43	17.0±1.45	24.7±3.05

指标 Item	年份 Year
指标 Item	2016			2017
播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤平均温度 Soil mean temperature averaged over three days before sowing date under 5 cm for mulching film (℃)	17.6	18.4	22.2	9.5	12.0	18.7	24.7
出苗率 Emergence rate (%)	86.0±1.01b	93.0±1.85a	91.5±1.04a	84.0±1.21c	86.5±0.40b	94.0±1.15a	91.0±0.98b
出苗天数 Emergence days (d)	9	8	10	15	12	7	8

年份 Year	播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤平均温度 Soil mean temperature averaged over three days before sowing date under 5 cm for mulching film (℃)	播种至出苗期 Sowing to emergence date
年份 Year		平均气温 Mean air temperature (℃)	膜下5 cm土壤平均温度 Soil mean temperature under 5 cm for mulching film (℃)	≥14℃土壤有效积温 Growing degree days in soil (℃)	≥14℃膜下每日热效应 Daily heat effect under mulching film
2016	17.6	13.5	19.1	45.9	0.4636
	18.4	17.7	21.9	63.2	0.7182
	22.2	16.6	21.0	59.3	0.5391
2017	9.5	13.9	17.3	80.4	0.4123
	12.0	15.5	18.6	79.6	0.5103
	18.7	18.1	23.3	79.2	0.8703
	24.7	16.5	21.4	75.2	0.7231

因素 Factor	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Directly path coefficient	间接通径系数Indirectly path coefficient
因素 Factor	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Directly path coefficient	x₁→y	x₂→y	x₃→y	x₄→y
x₁	0.9800**	0.4699		0.7090	-0.0109	-0.2180
x₂	0.9500**	0.7853	0.4243		-0.0007	-0.2297
x₃	0.0100	-0.0411	0.1251	0.0133		-0.0647
x₄	0.8900**	-0.2459	0.4167	0.7335	-0.0108

年份 Year	播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤平均温度 Soil mean temperature averaged over three days before sowing date under 5 cm for mulching film (℃)	平均气温 Mean air temperature (℃)	膜下5 cm土壤平均温度 Soil mean temperature under 5 cm for mulching film (℃)	≥14℃土壤有效积温 Growing degree days in soil (℃)	≥14℃气积温 Growing degree days in air (℃)	≥14℃气温每日热效应值 Daily heat effect air
2016	17.6	16.5	19.9	175.6	82.2	0.17
	18.4	16.1	19.3	149.4	65.9	0.15
	22.2	17.2	19.9	171.6	96.1	0.21
2017	9.5	18.5	23.9	228.4	96.1	0.30
	12.0	18.9	24.5	231.1	113.9	0.32
	18.7	19.2	24.8	227.3	115.4	0.36
	24.7	21.7	27.6	245.5	138.9	0.52