中国农业科学 ›› 2013, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 1837-1847.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.09.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果

 李慧, 马常宝, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环   

  1. 1.华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉 430070
    2.全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100026
  • 收稿日期:2012-10-22 出版日期:2013-05-01 发布日期:2013-03-05
  • 通讯作者: 通信作者鲁剑巍,E-mail:lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:李慧,E-mail:lhsky@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13)、“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重点项目课题(2010BAD01B05)、国家测土配方施肥项目

Increasing Effect of N, P and K Fertilizer on Rapeseed in Different Regions of China

 LI  Hui, MA  Chang-Bao, LU  Jian-Wei, LI  Xiao-Kun, REN  Tao, CONG  Ri-Huan   

  1. 1.College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2.National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100026
  • Received:2012-10-22 Online:2013-05-01 Published:2013-03-05

摘要: 【目的】研究中国油菜氮、磷、钾肥增产效果,明确不同区域油菜施肥效果概况和区域特点,为区域推荐施肥提供理论基础。【方法】总结2005—2010年中国2 106个油菜田间试验数据,通过计算获得最高产量时氮、磷、钾肥的增产量、增产率和农学利用率,分析各油菜区域施用化肥的增产效果。【结果】中国油菜施用氮肥增产量和增产率均值分别为1 044 kg•hm-2和87.4%,主要分布在500—1 500 kg•hm-2和5%—100%范围内,99%的试验有增产效果;磷肥增产量和增产率均值分别为634 kg•hm-2和39.9%,主要分布在200—1 000 kg•hm-2和5%—40%范围内,94%的试验有增产效果;钾肥增产量和增产率均值分别为420 kg•hm-2和22.9%,主要分布在100—600 kg•hm-2和10%—40%范围内,88%的试验有增产效果。每千克氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)、钾肥(K2O)平均增收油菜籽6.2、7.8和5.4 kg。长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥的增产效果最好,增产率均值分别为128.8%和51.3%,长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好,增产率均值为24.6%,春油菜区氮磷钾肥施用增产效果较低,增产率均值分别为42.6%、31.6%和21.3%。【结论】中国油菜施用化肥增产效果显著,具体表现为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,氮素是影响油菜产量的主要养分因素。春油菜区氮磷钾肥增产效果较差,长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥增产效果最好,长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好。部分试验施用肥料不增产或肥料用量不合理,需要进一步改进施肥量,实现油菜施肥高产高效。

关键词: 油菜 , 种植区域 , 氮肥 , 磷肥 , 钾肥 , 增产效果

Abstract: 【Objective】 Field experiments were carried out to study the yield-increasing effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) fertilization in various rapeseed regions in China. General situation and regional characteristics were studied to provide a theoretical basis for a regional recommended fertilization. 【Method】 Increased yield, increase rate and agronomic efficiency (AE) were calculated based on the data from 2 106 field experiments in China from 2005 to 2010, which were used to analyze the yield-increasing effect of N, P and K fertilizer in different rapeseed regions.【Result】99% of the rapeseed field experiments in China showed yield increment under N fertilization. The average of increased yield and rate were 1 044 kg•hm-2 (in the range of 500-1 500 kg•hm-2) and 87.4% (in the range of 5-100%), respectively. Similarly with N fertilization, around 94% of the rapeseed field experiments presented yield increase when P fertilizer was applied. The average of increased yield and rate were 634 kg•hm-2 and 39.9%, which were mainly distributed in the range of 250-1 000 kg•hm-2 and 5-40%, respectively. Also there was 88% of the rapeseed field experiments showed yield increase when K fertilizer was applied. The average of increased yield and rate were 420 kg•hm-2 and 22.9%, mainly distributed in the range of 200-1 000 kg•hm-2 and 10-40%, respectively. Every kilogram of N, P2O5 and K2O would increase 6.2, 7.8 and 5.4 kg rapeseed, respectively. The yield increasing effect of N and P fertilizer was better on winter rapeseed in lower part of the Yangtze river than other regions, the average of its increase rate was 128.8% and 51.3%, respectively. The yield-increasing effect of K fertilizer on winter rapeseed in middle part of the Yangtze river was the best, with the averaged increase rate of 24.6%. The yield-increasing effect of N, P and K fertilizer on spring rapeseed was lower, with the average increase rates of 42.6%, 31.6% and 21.3%, respectively.【Conclusion】The fertilization effect of N, P and K fertilizer on rapeseed yield was remarkable in China. The yield-increasing effect was followed as N>P>K fertilizer. Nitrogen was the main nutrient factor affecting the yield of rapeseed. The yield-increasing effect of N, P and K fertilizer on spring rapeseed was lower than that on winter rapeseed. The effect of N, P fertilizer on winter rapeseed was best in lower part of the Yangtze river whereas the effect of K fertilizer was best in middle part of the Yangtze river. As there were a few field experiments with no yield increment or irrational fertilizer application, we suggest that the amounts of regional recommended fertilizer should be improved to achieve the target of high yield and fertilization efficiency.

Key words: rapeseed , planting regions , N fertilizer , P fertilizer , K fertilizer , increasing effect