平作双层覆盖对半湿润易旱区玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.12.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对半湿润易旱区玉米膜下高温导致籽粒充实度下降和减产问题，拟通过平作条件下“秸秆+透明地膜”的双层覆盖模式（TM+ST），解析其对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及光合生理的调控机制，为旱作玉米稳产高产提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】于2021—2022年在陕西杨凌（半湿润易旱区，年均降水550 mm，7—9月降水占比60%）开展大田定位试验。以平作无覆盖为对照（CK），设置3个覆盖处理：平作透明地膜覆盖（TM）、平作黑色地膜覆盖（BM）和平作条件下秸秆+透明地膜的双层覆盖（TM+ST）。探究不同覆盖措施对春玉米花后叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、干物质积累、籽粒增重动态、籽粒灌浆特性、产量及其构成因素的影响。【结果】与CK相比，覆盖处理显著提高了春玉米花后叶片持绿性及光合生产能力，改善了籽粒灌浆进程和籽粒产量（增幅为16.5%—48.9%）。TM+ST较单一覆盖处理（TM和BM）显著提高了叶片持绿性，增强了P_n、G_s和T_r，进而促进了花后干物质积累（增幅为10.9%—12.6%）；同时，TM+ST较单一覆盖处理提高了最大灌浆速率时的粒重，维持了渐增期最高的籽粒灌浆速率，延长了快增期籽粒灌浆持续时间和缓增期灌浆活跃期。最终，TM+ST处理通过增强“源”供应和优化籽粒灌浆过程提高了籽粒产量（较TM和BM增幅为17.0%—17.2%）。【结论】秸秆与透明地膜双层覆盖（TM+ST）通过提高花后叶片持绿性和光合生产能力，优化籽粒灌浆进程，最终驱动粒重最大化提高玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 半湿润易旱区, 平作双层覆盖, 灌浆特性, 光合特性, 玉米籽粒产量

Abstract:

【Objective】To address the issue of reduced grain plumpness and yield caused by high soil temperatures under plastic film in semi-humid drought-prone areas, this study proposes a dual mulching approach using transparent plastic film and straw (TM+ST) under flat farming. This study analysed the regulatory mechanisms of TM+ST on grain filling characteristics and leaf photosynthetic physiology, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for stable and high yields in dryland maize production 【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi Province (semi-humid drought-prone area, with an average annual precipitation of 550 mm, accounting for 60% from July to September) from 2021 to 2022. Three mulching treatments were set up with no mulching as the control (CK): transparent plastic film mulching with flat cropping cultivation (TM), black plastic film mulching with flat cropping cultivation (BM), and a flat plot of transparent film mulching with whole maize stalks (TM+ST). The effects of different mulching measures on post-anthesis leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r), dry matter accumulation, dynamics of grain weight increment, grain filling characteristics, yield and yield components of spring maize were explored. 【Result】Compared with CK, mulching treatments significantly improved the green retention and photosynthetic production capacity of spring maize after anthesis, and improved the grain filling process and grain yield (an increase of 16.5%-48.9%). Compared with the single mulching treatments (TM and BM), TM+ST significantly improved the green retention of leaves, enhanced P_n, G_s, and T_r, and promoted dry matter accumulation after anthesis (an increase of 10.9%-12.6%). Moreover, TM+ST increased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate, maintained the highest grain filling rate at the gradual-growing period, prolonged the duration of grain filling at the fast-growing period, and prolonged the active stage of grain filling at slow-growing period. Ultimately, TM+ST treatment increased grain yield (V.S. TM and BM increased by 17.0%-17.2%) by enhancing "source" supply and optimizing grain filling process. 【Conclusion】Dual mulching of transparent-plastic film and straw (TM+ST) could improve the green retention and photosynthetic production capacity of leaves after anthesis, optimize the grain filling process, and ultimately drive the maximization of grain weight to improve the yield of maize.

Key words: semi-humid drought-prone areas, dual mulch under flat crop, grain filling characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, maize grain yield

杨永建, 刘万茂, 孙颖, 路海东, Adnan Khan, 贾彪, 张世博. 平作双层覆盖对半湿润易旱区玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(12): 2576-2590.

YANG YongJian, LIU WanMao, SUN Ying, LU HaiDong, Adnan Khan, JIA Biao, ZHANG ShiBo. Effects of Dual Mulching Under Flat Cropping on Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Maize in Semi-Humid Drought-Prone Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(12): 2576-2590.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Ear number	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	百粒重 100-grain dry weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2021	CK	68165.0±195.8b	477.3±8.4b	28.6±0.6c	7289.4±248.7d
	TM	68360.0±142.6ab	560.3±10.3a	31.1±0.7b	8875.3±205.9c
	BM	68460.0±147.7ab	557.1±15.3a	32.0±0.4b	9219.1±286.9b
	TM+ST	68515.0±106.4a	555.8±6.2a	34.9±0.8a	10848.8±234.5a
2022	CK	68010.0±75.0c	453.9±3.0b	26.0±0.4c	6930.2±242.3c
	TM	68225.0±105.4b	543.7±11.9a	30.2±0.4b	8076.3±245.1b
	BM	68350.0±102.1b	545.2±10.2a	30.6±0.5b	8201.6±294.7b
	TM+ST	68545.0±151.0a	548.9±16.5a	33.7±0.6a	9572.4±501.9a
ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		ns	**	***	***
处理 Treatment (T)		***	***	***	***
Y×T		ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	处理Treatment	开花期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at flowering stage (DMA，kg·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质积累总量 Total dry matter accumulation at maturation stage (TDMA，kg·hm^-2)	干物质转运量 Dry matter transshipment (DMT，kg·hm^-2)	干物质转运率 Dry matter transport rate (DMTR，%)
2021	CK	8963.85±650.01b	16228.13±860.76c	3052.27±45.83c	42.05±1.86c
	TM	8716.05±98.66b	18190.13±454.05b	4471.43±124.79b	47.22±1.06a
	BM	8825.40±505.19b	18437.63±760.56b	4504.28±99.15ab	46.88±1.44a
	TM+ST	9728.55±740.08a	20406.15±851.01a	4757.40±181.91a	44.57±2.04b
2022	CK	11214.90±452.51d	18046.13±911.04d	2005.65±301.21b	29.25±2.57a
	TM	12160.80±553.48c	20708.10±1017.35c	2569.73±160.60a	30.06±0.64a
	BM	12726.90±983.33b	21492.23±1186.51b	2604.15±150.55a	29.74±2.33a
	TM+ST	14507.10±568.16a	24443.33±879.20a	2865.60±14.67a	28.86±0.89a
ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		***	***	***	***
处理 Treatment (T)		***	***	***	ns
Y×T		ns	ns	***	ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	A	B	C	R²
2021	CK	26.1948	405.3913	0.2549	0.9970
	TM	31.4684	153.8782	0.1924	0.9992
	BM	32.1665	124.2423	0.1924	0.9994
	TM+ST	34.2569	95.5129	0.1924	0.9994
2022	CK	24.2309	476.9318	0.2549	0.9935
	TM	27.2433	329.5767	0.2549	0.9911
	BM	30.6285	119.7012	0.1924	0.9956
	TM+ST	33.9503	117.8854	0.1924	0.9962

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒灌浆最大时的时间 T_max (d)	籽粒灌浆速率最大时的百粒重 W_max(g/100-grain)	最大籽粒灌浆速率 G_max (g/(100-grain·d))	起始生长势 R₀	有效灌浆时间 T_0.99(d)	平均籽粒灌浆速率 G_mean (g/(100-grain·d))	籽粒灌浆活跃期 P (d)
2021	CK	23.56	13.10	1.67	0.25	41.59	0.62	23.54
	TM	26.18	15.73	1.51	0.19	50.07	0.62	31.19
	BM	25.07	16.08	1.55	0.19	48.95	0.65	31.19
	TM+ST	23.70	17.13	1.65	0.19	47.59	0.71	31.19
2022	CK	24.20	12.12	1.54	0.25	42.22	0.57	23.54
	TM	22.75	13.62	1.74	0.25	40.77	0.66	23.54
	BM	24.87	15.31	1.47	0.19	48.76	0.62	31.19
	TM+ST	24.79	16.98	1.63	0.19	48.68	0.69	31.19

年份 Year	处理Treatment	渐增期Gradual-growing period				快增期Fast-growing period				缓增期Slow-growing period
年份 Year	处理Treatment	天数 Days (d)	W₁ (g)	MG₁ (g/100- grain)	IGW₁ (g/100- grain)	天数 Days (d)	W₂ (g)	MG₂ (g/100- grain)	IGW₂ (g/100- grain)	天数 Days (d)	W₃ (g)	MG₃ (g/100- grain)	IGW₃ (g/100- grain)
2021	CK	18.39	5.53	0.30	5.54	10.33	20.66	1.46	15.12	12.86	25.93	0.41	5.27
	TM	19.33	6.65	0.34	6.65	13.69	24.82	1.33	18.17	17.04	31.15	0.37	6.34
	BM	18.22	6.80	0.37	6.80	13.69	25.37	1.36	18.57	17.04	31.84	0.38	6.48
	TM+ST	16.85	7.24	0.43	7.24	13.69	27.02	1.44	19.78	17.04	33.91	0.40	6.90
2022	CK	19.03	5.12	0.27	5.12	10.33	19.11	1.35	13.99	12.86	23.99	0.38	4.88
	TM	17.58	5.76	0.33	5.76	10.33	21.49	1.52	15.73	12.86	26.97	0.43	5.48
	BM	18.03	6.47	0.36	6.47	13.69	24.16	1.29	17.68	17.04	30.32	0.36	6.17
	TM+ST	17.95	7.17	0.40	7.17	13.69	26.78	1.43	19.60	17.04	33.61	0.40	6.83