氮添加对不同种植模式下人工草地产量稳定性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.15.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (15): 3007-3019.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.15.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

氮添加对不同种植模式下人工草地产量稳定性的影响

袁波¹^,²^,⁵(), 徐丽君¹^,^*(), 磋么机¹, 聂莹莹¹, 张洪志¹, 柳新伟¹^,²^,^*(), 杨敏¹^,³, 郭明英⁴

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，北京 100081
² 青岛农业大学资源与环境学院，山东青岛 266109
³ 都江镇农业农村综合服务中心，贵州三都 558106
⁴ 呼伦贝尔市林业和草原科学研究所，内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021000
⁵ 吐鲁番市高昌区农业技术推广中心，新疆吐鲁番 838000

收稿日期:2025-02-14 接受日期:2025-06-13 出版日期:2025-08-01 发布日期:2025-07-30
通信作者:
徐丽君，E-mail：xulijun@caas.cn。
柳新伟，E-mail：sdxw@163.com
联系方式: 袁波，E-mail：599082927@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(22378422); 中国农业科学院基本科研业务费专项(G2023-01-32); 国家牧草产业技术体系(CARS-34-29); 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2023YFDZ0019)

The Impact of Nitrogen Addition on the Species Stability of Artificial Grasslands Under Different Planting Patterns

YUAN Bo¹^,²^,⁵(), XU LiJun¹^,^*(), CUO MeJi¹, NIE YingYing¹, ZHANG HongZhi¹, LIU XinWei¹^,²^,^*(), YANG Min¹^,³, GUO MingYing⁴

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China/Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100081
² College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong
³ Integrated Agricultural and Rural Service Center of Dujiang Town, Sandu 558106, Guizhou
⁴ Hulunbeir Forestry and Grassland Science Research Institute, Hulunbeir 021000, Inner Mongolia
⁵ Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Gaochang District, Turpan City 838000, Xinjiang

Received:2025-02-14 Accepted:2025-06-13 Published:2025-08-01 Online:2025-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】北方农牧交错区是我国重要的农畜产品生产基地和生态安全屏障，分析不同种植模式对草地产量、种间相容性及产量稳定性的影响，以期为揭示氮添加对不同种植模式人工草地的可持续利用性提供科学依据。【方法】基于呼伦贝尔国家野外站长期栽培草地核心试验平台，设置3种种植模式，分别为杂花苜蓿单播（M）、无芒雀麦单播（B）、杂花苜蓿-无芒雀麦1﹕1混播（M﹕B）；设置3种施氮水平，分别为不施氮（CK）、75 kg N·hm^-2（N₇₅）、150 kg N·hm^-2（N₁₅₀）。利用产量、相对产量（RY）、相对产量总和（RYT）、竞争率（CR）、稳定性、异步性等指标，研究人工草地不同种植模式下牧草产量对氮添加的响应。【结果】（1）通过8年长期定位观测，结果显示，N₇₅与N₁₅₀处理前期均显著提高混播草地牧草产量，其中N₁₅₀处理促进了单播草地牧草产量，且不同施氮水平下，混播草地牧草产量和稳定性均高于单播草地。（2）在杂花苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播草地，建植第1—5年杂花苜蓿竞争率>1，建植第6—8年杂花苜蓿竞争率<1，说明建植前期杂花苜蓿竞争力极大，而无芒雀麦后期通过持续养分利用维持系统平衡，这种时序互补性使混播草地牧草产量稳定性提升1.41—1.53倍，异步性提升1.27—1.57倍，进而缓冲产量波动，并且稳定性与异步性呈正比例关系。【结论】物种产量异步性和稳定性是决定混播产量稳定的关键因素。在呼伦贝尔地区建植单播型杂花苜蓿或者无芒雀麦人工草地，建议施氮量150 kg N·hm^-2为宜；建植杂花苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播草地，建议建植初期加大施氮量，以75 kg N·hm^-2为宜。豆禾混播牧草通过互补共生，既有效利用土壤中的养分、提高了牧草产量，同时又实现减少外源氮的施入量，达到促进和维持草地高产状态的目的。

关键词: 氮添加, 人工草地, 种植模式, 产量, 种间相容性, 异步性

Abstract:

【Objective】 The agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China is an important production base for agricultural and livestock products and a crucial ecological security barrier. This study analyzed the effects of different planting patterns on pasture yield, interspecific compatibility, and yield stability, aiming to provide the important scientific evidence for revealing the sustainable utilization of artificially established grasslands under different planting patterns with nitrogen addition.【Method】 Based on the long-term cultivated grassland core experimental platform at the Hulunbuir National Field Station, three planting patterns were established: single sowing of Medicago varia (M), single sowing of Bromus inermis (B), and a 1:1 mixed sowing of Medicago varia and Bromus inermis (M:B). Additionally, three nitrogen application levels were set: no nitrogen (CK), 75 kg N·hm^-2(N₇₅), and 150 kg N·hm^-2 (N₁₅₀). Indicators, such as yield, relative yield (RY), relative yield total (RYT), competition ratio (CR), stability, and asynchrony, were utilized to investigate the response of forage yield to nitrogen addition under different planting patterns in artificial grasslands.【Result】 (1) Through eight years of long-term site-specific observations, the results showed that both N₇₅ and N₁₅₀ treatments significantly increased the forage yield of mixed-sown grasslands in the early stages. Specifically, the N₁₅₀ treatment promoted the forage yield of monoculture grasslands. Moreover, under different nitrogen application levels, the forage yield and stability of mixed-sown grasslands were consistently higher than those of monoculture grasslands. (2) In the mixed-sown grassland of variegated alfalfa and smooth brome, the competition ratio of variegated alfalfa was greater than 1 in the first to fifth year after establishment, and less than 1 in the sixth to eighth year. This indicated that variegated alfalfa was highly competitive in the early stages, while smooth brome maintained system balance through continuous nutrient utilization in the later stages. This temporal complementarity enhanced the forage yield stability of the mixed-sown grassland by 1.41-1.53 times and the asynchrony by 1.27-1.57 times, thereby buffering yield fluctuations. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between stability and asynchrony.【Conclusion】 Species yield asynchrony and stability were key factors determining the stability of mixed-sowing yields. For establishing monoculture artificial grasslands of variegated alfalfa or smooth brome in the Hulunbuir region, it was recommended to apply 150 kg N·hm^-2 of nitrogen. For establishing mixed-sown grasslands of variegated alfalfa and smooth brome, it was advisable to increase the nitrogen application rate to 75 kg N·hm^-2 during the initial establishment phase. Through complementary symbiosis, legume-grass mixed-sown pastures could effectively utilize soil nutrients, increase forage yield, and simultaneously reduce the amount of exogenous nitrogen applied, thereby achieving the goal of promoting and maintaining high pasture productivity.

Key words: nitrogen addition, pastureland, cropping pattern, yield, interspecific compatibility, asynchronism

袁波, 徐丽君, 磋么机, 聂莹莹, 张洪志, 柳新伟, 杨敏, 郭明英. 氮添加对不同种植模式下人工草地产量稳定性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(15): 3007-3019.

YUAN Bo, XU LiJun, CUO MeJi, NIE YingYing, ZHANG HongZhi, LIU XinWei, YANG Min, GUO MingYing. The Impact of Nitrogen Addition on the Species Stability of Artificial Grasslands Under Different Planting Patterns[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(15): 3007-3019.

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处理方式 Treatment	牧草产量 Yield of grass (kg·hm^-2)								平均值 Average value
处理方式 Treatment	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	平均值 Average value
M-CK	1725.00±329.13abD	9954.26±1310.15aB	9998.66±862.82aB	7218.33±2878.70aC	9315.65±1059.68bBC	12969.72±375.53aA	10720.28±3095.22aAB	9628.52±1212.77aABC	8941.30±3541.97a
M-N₇₅	2249.63±550.10aB	10337.13±3116.74aA	10989.95±1353.53aA	9555.60±3174.82aA	12089.91±1559.61aA	12701.57±1856.93aA	10852.04±1285.57aA	11777.96±3174.54aA	10069.22±3814.67a
M-N₁₅₀	1385.93±392.70bE	9546.30±2410.74aCD	10938.10±1112.34aBC	7850.00±2368.79aD	10886.94±1614.57abBC	14150.56±1515.30aA	13013.43±2614.56aAB	12257.13±1705.02aABC	10003.55±4176.72a
B-CK	2592.69±628.78aE	15475.00±2669.89aA	9012.59±1325.26aC	4872.22±1256.79aDE	8384.35±2283.31aC	12781.85±1562.70aB	7565.46±1146.32aC	6457.87±1670.56aCD	8392.75±4226.25a
B-N₇₅	1855.28±720.52aD	13648.33±4796.95aA	11305.09±2736.12aAB	3514.63±873.51aD	7441.11±1553.76aC	14047.04±1456.17aA	8882.87±1963.69aBC	7624.17±1328.37aC	8539.81±4718.40a
B-N₁₅₀	2767.69±1030.97aE	13633.80±1387.09aA	11381.67±2043.47aB	5238.70±1347.22aD	7935.93±538.57aC	15451.94±1146.30aA	7364.51±378.68aC	7955.83±1209.02aC	8966.26±4165.87a
M:B-CK	1936.85±567.71aE	12151.11±2944.89aBC	11082.13±1645.66aB	6676.85±2086.63aD	13015.83±2211.19aBC	18254.72±2316.09aA	10426.48±3036.11aCD	11586.20±2144.68aCD	11207.62±5018.71a
M:B-N₇₅	2016.85±371.92aD	11133.33±2308.68aB	12107.59±2171.98abAB	5830.86±1325.76aC	12053.98±826.56aAB	15402.41±3047.63aA	10462.69±2025.77aB	10322.31±1957.68aB	10499.88±4301.56a
M:B-N₁₅₀	2412.04±920.17aD	12298.70±1648.81aBC	14381.85±753.80aB	6165.74±1084.21aC	12009.26±1801.24aA	18610.56±4521.26aA	9286.67±2575.09aC	8982.87±1120.55aC	11140.28±5187.74a

处理方式 Treatment	单播稳定性 The stability of single sowing		混播稳定性 The stability of mixed sowing		混播异步性 The asynchrony of mixed sowing
处理方式 Treatment	2016—2019	2020—2023	2016—2019	2020—2023	2016—2019	2020—2023
M-CK	2.00±0.11aB	5.91±1.73aA	3.21±0.61aB	10.67±3.39aA	0.62±0.04aA	0.56±0.36aA
M-N₇₅	2.26±0.18aB	6.83±1.61aA	2.77±0.57aA	10.43±5.87aA	0.70±0.08aA	0.73±0.54aA
M-N₁₅₀	1.99±0.24aB	7.58±2.65aA	3.02±0.52aB	9.51±3.24aA	0.63±0.08aA	0.41±0.21aA
B-CK	1.65±0.27aB	3.46±0.59aA	4.84±0.63aA	5.41±2.12aA	0.41±0.05aB	1.00±0.29aA
B-N₇₅	1.57±0.40aB	3.65±1.10aA	4.39±1.71aA	5.10±1.00aA	0.39±0.06aB	0.97±0.19aA
B-N₁₅₀	1.85±0.34aB	2.93±0.42aA	4.79±1.11aA	3.70±0.92aA	0.40±0.06aB	0.90±0.02aA
平均值 Average
CK	1.83±0.27aB	4.68±1.78aA	4.02±1.02aB	8.04±3.86aA	0.52±0.11aA	0.78±0.39aA
N₇₅	1.91±0.46aB	5.24±2.11aA	3.58±1.51aA	7.77±4.98aA	0.54±0.17aA	0.85±0.42aA
N₁₅₀	1.92±0.30aB	5.26±3.00aA	3.91±1.24aA	6.61±3.76aA	0.51±0.13aA	0.65±0.29aA

氮添加对不同种植模式下人工草地产量稳定性的影响

The Impact of Nitrogen Addition on the Species Stability of Artificial Grasslands Under Different Planting Patterns

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