不同磷肥施用量对高寒地区覆膜蚕豆光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨不同覆膜方式和磷水平对蚕豆光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响，为高寒地区蚕豆种植模式的选择和土壤养分管理提供数据支撑。【方法】于2020—2023年，在青海省东部以春蚕豆‘青海13号’为试验材料，采用随机区组试验设计，设置平作不覆膜（NMF）、全膜双垄沟播（DRM）、三垄全覆膜沟播（TRM）3种覆膜方式和3个磷水平（P0，不施肥；P1，9.1 kg P·hm^-2；P2，18.2 kg P·hm^-2），研究不同覆膜方式和磷水平对土壤水热条件、蚕豆光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】（1）相较于NMF处理，DRM和TRM处理提高蚕豆生育期10 cm土层土壤平均温度16.1%—20.5%和16.7%—23.0%，同时也提高了0—2 m土层土壤含水量和储水量。（2）相较于NMF处理，DRM和TRM处理降低蚕豆开花结荚期叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、净光合速率和叶面积指数，并降低蚕豆籽粒产量、地上生物量和水分利用效率。NMF处理的年平均籽粒产量最高（2 273 kg·hm^-2），其次是TRM处理（1 030 kg·hm^-2）和DRM处理（943 kg·hm^-2）。（3）施磷提高NMF和DRM处理蚕豆开花结荚期净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和叶面积指数，并提高籽粒产量、地上生物量和水分利用效率，TRM处理的趋势则与之相反。（4）相关性分析表明，籽粒产量、地上生物量和水分利用效率，与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度、叶面积指数呈极显著正相关关系，与生育期土壤平均温度呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】垄沟地膜覆盖（DRM和TRM）抑制蚕豆生长后期的生长，叶面积指数增长速率减慢，光合作用减弱，导致籽粒产量、地上生物量和水分利用效率降低。在本试验条件下，平作不覆膜配施18.2 kg P·hm^-2磷肥显著增加光合面积，光合作用增强，从而提高蚕豆籽粒产量和水分利用效率，可作为提高高寒地区蚕豆生产力的有效措施。

关键词: 蚕豆, 覆膜, 磷水平, 光合作用, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different mulching methods and phosphorus (P) fertilizer application levels on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of broad bean, so as to provide data support for the selection of broad bean planting modes and soil nutrient management practices in alpine regions. 【Method】 Used spring broad bean 'Qinghai No.13' as experimental material, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different mulching methods and P fertilizer application levels on soil hydrothermal conditions, the photosynthetic characteristics of broad bean, yield, and water use efficiency in the eastern of Qinghai Province from 2020 to 2023. For plot setup, the random block design was used, and three mulching methods were set up, i.e. double ridges and furrows mulch (DRM), and three ridges and furrows mulch (TRM), and no mulch (NMF), with three P fertilizer application levels (P0, no fertilizer; P1, 9.10 kg P·hm^-2; P2, 18.2 kg P·hm^-2). 【Result】 (1) Compared with NMF, DRM and TRM treatments increased the daily mean soil temperature within the 10 cm soil layer by 16.1% to 20.5% and 16.7% to 23.0%, respectively, and also increased soil water content and storage in the 0-2 m soil layer of broad bean growing season. (2) Compared with NMF, DRM and TRM treatments decreased the leaf transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, net photosynthesis rate and leaf area index during the flowering and podding periods, and deceased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency of broad bean too. The highest mean annual grain yield was 2 273 kg·hm^-2 under NMF treatment, followed by 1 030 kg·hm^-2 under TRM and 943 kg·hm^-2 under DRM. (3) P fertilizer application enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index in the flowering and podding periods of broad bean under NMF and DRM treatments, but the trends under TRM treatment were reversed. (4) The correlation analysis indicated that the grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency were significantly positive correlated with the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index, and were significantly negative correlated with the daily mean soil temperature of the growing seasons. 【Conclusion】 Ridge-furrow plastic film mulching treatments (DRM and TRM) inhibited the growth of broad bean in later growth stages, slowed down the growth rate of leaf area index, reduced photosynthesis, which resulted in the decreased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency. Under the conditions of this experiment, no mulch with flat planting combined with 18.2 kg P·hm^-2phosphorus fertilizer significantly enhanced photosynthetic area and photosynthesis, thus increase the grain yield and water use efficiency of broad bean, which could be used as an effective practice to increase broad bean productivity in alpine region.

Key words: broad bean, film mulching, phosphorus levels, photosynthesis, yield

徐秋韵, 周伟迪, 韩成龙, 谷艳杰. 不同磷肥施用量对高寒地区覆膜蚕豆光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(10): 1917-1933.

XU QiuYun, ZHOU WeiDi, HAN ChengLong, GU YanJie. Effects of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Rates on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Broad Bean Mulched in Alpine Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(10): 1917-1933.

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覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	开花结荚期土壤平均温度 Mean soil temperature during flowering and podding period (℃)			生育期土壤平均温度 Mean soil temperature during the growth period (℃)
覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	2021	2022	2023	2021	2022	2023
平作不覆膜 No film mulching with flat planting (NMF)	P0	20.09±0.38aB	17.90±1.68aB	18.05±1.23aB	16.63±0.67aB	16.91±1.33aB	15.92±1.06aB
	P1	20.31±0.82aB	18.47±0.43aB	18.40±0.94aB	16.92±0.00aB	17.27±0.51aC	16.20±0.60aB
	P2	22.08±1.72aA	18.50±0.74aA	19.29±1.26aB	16.99±0.05aB	17.31±0.47aB	16.63±0.72aB
全膜双垄沟播 Double ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (DRM)	P0	23.03±0.72aAB	20.74±2.20aAB	22.39±0.42aA	19.66±0.77aA	20.48±1.18aA	19.45±0.17aA
	P1	23.08±1.25aA	20.82±1.02aA	22.82±1.41aA	19.63±0.57aA	20.59±0.27aB	19.93±0.87aA
	P2	22.32±0.86aA	21.15±2.63aA	21.75±0.59aA	19.34±0.16aA	19.95±0.63aA	19.35±0.53aA
三垄全覆膜沟播 Three ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (TRM)	P0	21.90±1.91aB	22.29±0.75aB	23.06±0.16aA	19.43±0.78aA	21.48±0.33aA	20.27±0.16aA
	P1	23.70±0.55aA	22.05±0.34aA	22.25±0.68aA	19.97±0.03aA	21.27±0.05aA	19.64±0.62aA
	P2	23.66±2.72aA	21.15±0.54aA	22.30±0.73aA	19.56±0.64aA	20.58±0.09bA	19.54±0.27aA
方差分析 Analysis of variance
覆膜方式Mulching treatment (M)		***			***
磷水平Phosphate level (P)		ns			ns
年份Year (Y)		***			***
M×P		ns			ns
M×Y		ns			ns
P×Y		ns			ns
M×P×Y		ns			ns

覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)				地上生物量 Above-ground biomass (kg·hm^-2)
覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	2020	2021	2022	2023	2020	2021	2022	2023
平作不覆膜 No film mulching with flat planting (NMF)	P0	4544±10aA	1549±108aA	1035±7bA	740±256aA	8037±230aA	3278±24bA	2132±90aA	1259±127abA
	P1	4778±2118aA	1790±681aA	980±245bA	784±180aA	8860±1305aA	3826±615abA	2105±838aA	1203±38bA
	P2	6224±130aA	2487±436aA	1471±100aA	889±121aA	9209±533aA	4650±392aA	2153±238aA	1396±53aA
全膜双垄沟播 Double ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (DRM)	P0	1492±87cC	963±137bC	224±30cC	198±8bB	2977±293bC	1832±262aC	1091±493aB	357±45bC
	P1	1899±28bB	1009±174bA	347±9bB	223±47bB	3259±202bB	1874±349aB	1176±100aA	552±201abB
	P2	2622±46aB	1349±173aB	487±45aB	500±87aB	4192±224aB	2420±238aB	1262±168aB	843±169aB
三垄全覆膜沟播 Three ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (TRM)	P0	2628±54aB	1331±50aB	470±66aB	308±34aB	4424±211aB	2362±260aB	1193±130aB	567±61aB
	P1	2327±59bB	1207±9bA	478±16aB	290±77aB	4388±45aB	2279±201aB	1167±91aA	536±107aB
	P2	1713±63cC	967±8cB	399±39aB	247±15aC	4019±381aB	1819±71bC	1034±40aB	488±65aC
方差分析Analysis of variance
覆膜方式Mulching treatment (M)		***				***
磷水平Phosphate level (P)		**				**
年份Year (Y)		***				***
覆膜方式×磷水平M×P		***				***
覆膜方式×年份M×Y		***				***
磷水平×年份P×Y		ns				ns
覆膜方式×磷水平×年份M×P×Y		ns				ns

覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)				水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	2020	2021	2022	2023	2020	2021	2022	2023
平作不覆膜 No film mulching with flat planting (NMF)	P0	471.48±16.84bA	316.53±6.34bB	385.90±2.00cA	321.06±5.00bA	9.48±0.18bA	4.89±0.24cA	2.68±0.03bA	1.97±0.55aA
	P1	473.79±10.03bA	345.18±5.00aA	399.17±2.00bA	326.60±1.17bA	12.40±2.50aA	6.25±0.41bA	2.77±0.30bA	2.4±0.55aA
	P2	502.41±11.59aA	350.71±6.07aA	412.86±3.00aA	339.70±3.75aA	12.67±0.28aA	7.73±0.76aA	3.56±0.27aA	2.62±0.39aA
全膜双垄沟播 Double ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (DRM)	P0	389.05±3.32bC	320.17±8.19bB	363.87±3.00cC	274.90±0.80bC	3.83±0.21cC	3.02±0.51bC	0.61±0.08cC	0.72±0.03bB
	P1	393.84±4.07bB	329.54±10.00abA	372.85±3.00bC	291.43±2.70aB	4.82±0.02bB	3.32±0.16abB	0.93±0.03bB	0.85±0.08bB
	P2	403.45±4.25aB	339.58±7.28aAB	381.00±2.00aB	288.81±5.53aB	6.50±0.16aB	3.97±0.43aB	1.28±0.11aB	1.38±0.08aB
三垄全覆膜沟播 Three ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (TRM)	P0	408.91±1.17aB	339.34±5.39aA	378.45±3.03aB	302.82±5.00aB	6.43±0.14aB	3.92±0.19aB	1.33±0.10aB	1.02±0.11aB
	P1	402.92±4.00bB	337.56±10.83aA	378.18±1.07aB	296.87±4.41aB	5.78±0.18bB	3.58±0.09bB	1.26±0.04aB	0.98±0.25aB
	P2	372.78±2.32cC	331.90±2.19aB	363.87±2.96bC	283.80±0.25bB	4.54±0.08cC	2.91±0.02cC	1.04±0.06bB	0.87±0.05aC
方差分析 Analysis of variance
覆膜方式 Mulching treatment (M)		***				***
磷水平 Phosphate level (P)		***				***
年份Year (Y)		***				***
覆膜方式×磷水平M×P		***				***
覆膜方式×年份M×Y		***				***
磷水平×年份P×Y		*				*
覆膜方式×磷水平×年份 M×P×Y		**				***

覆膜方式 Mulching treatment	磷水平 Phosphate level	2021	2022	2023
平作不覆膜 No film mulching with flat planting (NMF)	P0	—	—	—
	P1	9.96±2.68	4.30±1.20	4.18±1.43
	P2	7.98±2.90	1.91±0.66	2.12±0.57
全膜双垄沟播 Double ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (DRM)	P0	—	—	—
	P1	7.37±1.87	3.66±1.17	1.61±0.68
	P2	8.29±0.85	2.88±0.93	1.47±0.40
三垄全覆膜沟播 Three ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (TRM)	P0	—	—	—
	P1	-4.08±0.62	-2.37±0.16	-1.87±0.32
	P2	-4.65±0.96	-1.17±0.59	-1.20±0.39